Key Objectives of an Organization Essay Example for Free

Key Objectives of an Organization Essay designate 1A.Identify the mission, values and key objectives of an organization of your choice and assess the lick of stake imparters The Body Shop is a public curb company they mainly specialize in beauty products, even so they be very much dissimilar comp atomic number 18d to regular make up smears such as DIOR, SHU UMERA and so on, they are different in a mode that they use natural products and they are against wight cruelty. They use plants resources wisely. The be shop is different because of their values. Ms Dame Anita roddick, was a human rights activist and the founder of the body shop.AGAINST ANIMAL TESTINGEvery one and only(a) of the body shops products is animal cruelty plain and vegetarian. they were the first planetary cosmetics brand to be recognized under the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing indemnity.FOR avocation FAIRLYThey believe in fair calling to such an extent, that everypl ace 20 years ago we set up our own fair trade programme, called Community Trade. Body Shop believe this level of commitment to avocation fairly is unique in the cosmetics industry. Community Trade now works with everywhere 30 suppliers in more than 20 countries, providing over 25,000 people crosswise the globe with essential income to build their futures. Most of our products contain Community Trade ingredients.OUR v CORE VALUESThe Body Shop is a leader in promoting greater corporate transparency, and we take away been a force for positive social and environmental change by means of our campaigns around our five core Values place upright Community Trade,Defend Human Rights,Against Animal Testing,Activate Self-Esteem,Protect Our Planet.OUR CHARITABLE substructureWe also have our own unselfishness, The Body Shop Foundation. Launched in 1990 (registered charity no. 802757) we give fiscal support to pioneering, frontline organisations that otherwise have little promise of conven tional funding. The Foundations focus is to assist those working to achieve progress in the areas of human and civil rights, environmental and animal protection.Let us move on to the various stakeholders in the organization.Primary StakeholdersUsually internal stakeholders like stockholders, customers, suppliers, creditors, and employees.Secondary StakeholdersUsually external stakeholders like general public, communities, activist groups, concern support groups, and the media.The operate of various stakeholders on the organization establishes a balance of priorities on the organization. more or little examples of balances that various stakeholders bring to the organization areStockholdersThe stockholders of the organization ensure that the organization is everlastingly looking for new means to improve operating net profits. The stockholders of the companies keep a keen eye on the surgery of the organization finished with(predicate) the every quarter reports of the organizati ons submitted to respective regulatory bodies in the world.This ensures that the organization keeps a fine balance between working for short-term profits while keeping a fast eye on the long-term business possibilities that may emerge. Positive procedure by a company over a longperiod of m is rewarded through improved hurts.CustomersThe most important to any business, customers of an organization keep the organization on their toes to offer best of run in comparison with the trade. The organizations make hard to befitting the ever-growing customer expectations in terms of improved products and work and reduced cost for these improved services year on year. Improved performance of the organization to meet customer haves is rewarded through more business orders.EmployeesThe employees of the organization are the assets of the organization that keeps the organization nimble and agile to meet the customer expectations resulting in profits that meet the stockholders expectations . The employees are rewarded through promotions and merit increments based on their contributions to meet the organizations goals, vision and objectives.Task 2Evaluate the extent to which the organization achieves the objectives of collar stakeholders.As mentioned above there are two different types of stakeholders, there is primary and there is countenanceary.Primary stakeholders acknowledgeInternal stakeholders like stockholders, customers, suppliers, creditors, and employees.Secondary includes outdoor(a) stakeholders like general public, communities, activist groups, business support groups, and the media.Beginning with the internal stakeholders also known as primary stakeholders, the employees obviously work towards the goals and objectives that are set,however in the body shop they are in for it in a different way as the people are passionate. Theyre a customer-focused business that strives to create a fantastic experience for everyone who shops and works at The Body Shop.A array from employees and customers they are also dedicated to their suppliers and creditors as well as stockholders. The body shop is dedicated to the planet and the people in simple words. The body shop is financial stable meeting their financial objectives as well as meeting the stock holders objectives which is keeping on-going improvements and new objectives which is what the body shop is already doing.Achievement of Customer ObjectivesThe organization is always talking active the natural way of beauty. In addition, the company also shares very positive information of the number of accounts where they have grown the relationships to multimillion dollar revenue generating business accounts through good performance in existing contracts and offering greater value to the customer though their foresight and operations management. This has resulted in good customer retention and repeats businesses for the company crosswise various lines of businesses.Achievement of Employees object ivesBody shop has a large workforce employs over 100,000 employees across the globe and has become an employer of choice. This has provided many opportunities to the employees to grow professionally and vertically as well. Additionally, the body shop provides merit increments every year based on the performance of the employees, which keeps them engaged in their roles and glued on to the target objectives.Task 3.Explain the responsibilities of the organization and strategies employed to meet them. The body shop not only has responsibilities that they must keep to the company and their customers but also the environment, which is why they do the natural way. Nature is the key objective and responsibility to the Body Shop. Their responsibilities towards the environment can be seen on their website, the body shop focuses on cruelty free make up. Moreresponsibilities and strategies are shown beneathAGAINST ANIMAL TESTINGEvery one of the body shops products is animal cruelty free and ve getarian. they were the first international cosmetics brand to be recognized under the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing policy.FOR TRADING FAIRLYThey believe in fair trade to such an extent, that over 20 years ago we set up our own fair trade programme, called Community Trade. Body Shop believe this level of commitment to trading fairly is unique in the cosmetics industry. Community Trade now works with over 30 suppliers in more than 20 countries, providing over 25,000 people across the globe with essential income to build their futures. Most of our products contain Community Trade ingredients.OUR FIVE CORE VALUESThe Body Shop is a leader in promoting greater corporate transparency, and we have been a force for positive social and environmental change through our campaigns around our five core Values Support Community Trade,Defend Human Rights,Against Animal Testing,Activate Self-Esteem,Protect Our Planet.OUR CHARITABLE FOUNDATIONWe also have our own charity, The Body Shop Foundation. Launched in 1990 (registered charity no. 802757) we give financial support to pioneering, frontline organisations that otherwise have little hope of conventional funding. The Foundations focus is to assist those working to achieveprogress in the areas of human and civil rights, environmental and animal protection.These are their values as well as responsibilities. The employees of Body shop and the suppliers all use environmental companionate products and packaging to support the living earth.Task 4.Explain how frugalal systems attempt to allocate and make effective use of resources Resource allocation is used to asseverate the available resources in an economic way across the economy. This may be done at a regional level, Social strata based or on priority basis. Resource allocation can be studies under two broad headsThis includes studyity of resources that is used in todays economy but some specific natural resources that are allocated to ensure an Oligopolistic or Monopolistic market. The economic systems attempt to distribute the available resources in an even way of life through the wrong elasticity model. The equipment casualty elasticity model proposes that demand and affix in the market lead drive the cost of the resource. This is typically seen as belowHigh Demand low Supply High Prices Low Demand High Supply Low Prices In the above cases, both demand and supply are relative to each others volumes. In a competitive market scenario, the requirement of products and services and its availability guides the prices of these resources. Given that Money by itself is a limited resource available to market forces, high prices of resources ensure optimized consumption of high priced resources.Once the resource prices are above the price of an alternative resource, market forces will start using the alternate resource as a main resource until such judgment of conviction that the prices of the original resource is again affordable referable to slowdown of demand.This is typically seen in the oil and gas business wherein some manufacturing organizations shift to alternative fuels like BP oil and residue oil in berth of diesel fuel price rise. This model ensures that resources are optimally used by the economy and any steep profit in consumption is controlled through increased prices resulting in optimized allocation and effective use.allocation of some natural resources may not always take the same route as marketed resources. This is typically done by the judicatures authorities to ensure lower prices of producers that reaches the consumers at large and to ensure availability of certain products to all and sundry of the population. Some very good examples of such resources are Irrigation Water supplied at subsidy to farmers, Coal allocation to Thermal violence stations to ensure low electricity prices for consumers etcAn economic system is consist of the several processes of organizing and mo tivating labour, manufacturing, allocating, and circulating of the results of human labour, including goods and services, consumer products, machineries, equipments, and other technology used as inputs to future manufacturing and the infrastructure at bottom and through which manufacturing, circulation, and distribution occurs.There are three types of economic system which are generally accepted by the different nations. They are Free market, aboriginally planned, manifold market.1. Free market economic systemThe interference of government is reserved at a lowest point or mistreated in impolite market system and all the finances assets comes under the private fields as well market. Price mechanism will decide the amount of goods or services to be provided with respect to the market demands.The majority judgments are on the basis of market mechanism. The supply, demand and capability play the very important function in marketjudgment making. According to observing at the open ma rket operations it lifts a variety of unexplained questions like who will hand over the goods and services and infrastructures for the country to congregate the requirements of the public.2. Centrally planned economy systemCentrally planned economic system explains that government assigns the financial possessions government initiates all the governance concerning the financial actions. Private sectors are held in reserve in distant in participation of any fiscal gathering.These types of finances were establish in the Asian, central Europe, Eastern Europe and Latin American nations but now a days these are set up in Cuba, Iraq, Iran, North Korea etc. In this structure fundamentally joblessness troubles will not be tackled because government organize all the monetary performances and possessions will be owed on the basis of requirements of its soulfulnesss and dissimilar industries contribution.3. manifold economy systemThis structure is a combination of all other structures. T he organism where together capitalism and socialism monetary schemes are involved it is called as the mixed financial system. In this globalizing world largely the countries are acquiring this financial system. Mixed financial system divides the obtainable financial possessions entranceible in the country to mutually private sectors and government.Task 5.Discuss the impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives on organizations and the wider community. The social welfare and industrial policy of a nation impacts not only the economy but also the larger community.Social Welfare policy HealthPolicy Housing Policy Income maintenance Policy Education Policy Social Security industrial Policy Inflation control Financial Market stability Manufacturing boost for increase in employment rate Health policy can be described as the judgment, plans, and measures that are commenced to attain specific health care goals within a society.There are many groupings of health guidelines, involving personal health care policy, pharmaceutical policy, and policies regarding health of public such as vaccination policy, tobacco plant control policy or breastfeeding promotion policy. They may envelop monetary subjects and liberation of health care, access to care, quality of care, and health equity.The contemporary theory of health care includes right of entry to medical professionals from different sections as well as medical technology, such as medications and surgical tools. It also includes easy access to the newest data and confirmation from research, comprising medical research and health services research.Public housing is a type of housing tenure in which the possession is hold by a government authority, which may be central or local. Social housing refers to leasing housing which may be possessed and controlled by the state, by non-profit firms, or by a mixture of the two, generally with the aspire of offering housing which could affordable.Educatio n policy can be limitd as the digest of laws and regulations which manages and directs the functions of education systems. Education takes place in a lot of type for countless functions through several organizations. An example involves early childhood education, kindergarten from side to side to 12th grade, two and four year colleges or universities, graduate and professional education, adult education and job training. Consequently, education policy can straightly make the meliorate persons involved of all ages.Income maintenance Policy is habitually functional due to several curriculums formulated to offer a residential with income at times when they are not able to take care of themselves. Income preservation is on the basis of a mixture of five major kinds of program1. Social insurance2. Means-tested benefits3. Non-contributory benefits.4. discretional benefits.5. Universal or categorical benefitsSocial security a social insurance program given that social security or protec tion against socially renowned circumstances, involving scarcity, old age, disability, joblessness and others. Social security relates to a bunch of advantages obtainable (or not available) from the state, market, civil society and households, or through a grouping of these organizations, to the person/family to trim down multi-dimensional deprivation.The Industrial Policy plan of a country, from time to time condensed IP, is its official planned attempt to support the magnification and progress of the producing sector of the economy. A countrys infrastructure (transportation,telecommunications and energy industry) is a main element of the industrialized sector that frequently has a main role in the Industrial Policy.Industrial strategies are division definite, unlike broader macroeconomic strategy. They are occasionally label as interventionist as conflicting to laissez-faire finances.Several kinds of industrial strategies act average fundamentals with other kinds of interventio nist exercises such as trade policy and fiscal policy. An example of a distinctive industrial policy is import-substitution-industrialization (ISI), where trade barriers are provisionally obligatory on a number of key sectors, such as manufacturing. By selectively securing some business, these business are provided moment in time to study (learning by doing) and improve.Task 6.Evaluate the impact of macro economic policy measures and the work out of the global economy on UK-based organizations and stakeholders.Macroeconomic policy instruments define the macroeconomic measures that can be straight away managed by an economic policy former. Instruments can be divided into two subsets a) Monetary policy instruments and b) pecuniary policy instruments. Monetary policy is carried out by the Federal Reserve or the central bank of a country or supranational region. pecuniary policy is formulated by the Executive and Legislative Branches of the Government and contracts with supervising a nations Budget.1) Monetary policyMonetary policy instruments comprise of directing short-term rates (Fed Funds and Discount rates in the U.S.), and altering reserve necessities for commercial banks. Monetary policy can be furthermore extensive for the market (short-term rates low relative to inflation rate) or restraining for themarket (short-term rates high relative to inflation rate). Traditionally, the main purpose of monetary policy had been to direct or restrain domestic inflation. In recent times, central bankers have frequently paying attention on a second objective running economic growth as both inflation and economic growth are highly interconnected.2) Fiscal policyFiscal policy comprises in supervision the national Budget and its investment so as to finagle economic activity. This necessitates the growth or development of government expenses regarding particular government curriculum such as building roads or infrastructure, military expenditures and social welfare pro grams. It also involves the elevating of taxes to finance government expenses and the increase of debt (Treasuries in the U.S.) to meet both the ends (Budget deficit) between receipts (tax receipts) and expenses regarding the execution of government curriculum.Increasing taxes and lowering the Budget Deficit is considered to be a preventive fiscal policy, as it would hang cumulative demand and slow down GDP growth. Reducing taxes and raising the Budget Deficit is measured as an outgoing fiscal policy that would embroider collective demand and encourage the economy.The impact of macroeconomic policy measuresOn enlargement, there likely to be periods of strength follow by phase of wakeful or even negative growth (recessions), particularly known as the economic cycle. All governments have an objective of eradicating this cycle. They desire repeated, sensible expansion that never ignites price increments. Fresh governments have stimulated closer to this Goldilocks scenario. Become aw are of that the growth rate has been over 2% without receiving out of hand for cardinal years. ensuant the bust/boom/bust of the early 80s/late 80s/early 90s, this is quite an accomplishment.Inflation has also been extraordinarily submissive by historical standards.Subsequent the horribly inflationary 70s (peaked at 25%) and the near 10% figure ten years ago, RPIX has been growing at 3% pa or less for six years. The objective of full employment has efficiently been relegated to the history books. Unemployment reached one million in the 80s for the first time since the 30s, and then continued to reach 3 million (or 4 million, depending on the definition) within three years. Having said that, full employment does not mean that everyone has a job.It is a depressing reality of economic life that UK customers favor imported goods to those made in Britain. The degree of the current account deficit mainly depends, consequently, on how well we export our services. Unfortunately, services are not quite as exportable as goods, so the UK is constantly fighting a losing battle. Optimistically the modifications in technology, and our capability to utilize them, will reserve us to enlarge our exports of services by sufficient in the future to permit for the deficit in goods.Some economists consider that there is no problem, since in a world of completely mobile capital the UK no longer depends completely on their own pool of foreign reserves to compensate for its importation. These days, if you indispensableness something from overseas but you do not have the foreign currency, then immediately purchase it on the Foreign Exchange Markets.Due to the global characteristics of financial markets, the financial services industry is deeply prejudiced by worldwide monetary improvement. These financial connections to international markets are just one of the numerous conducts in which wider worldwide expansion influence the UK economy.Global economic developmentsFor instance the current commotion in financial markets also have a earthshaking manner on the resolution of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). Similar to the UK, in an open economy worldwide forces can affect the prices to rise and vary about its aim or goal temporarily, and also insertinstability into the real economy. We have observed growing oil and product costs determined by tough universal demand push up price rises in the UK and further main economies over the earlier period and couple of years.By short letter the fresh modifications and alterations in international financial market circumstances could decline demand situations in the UK and globally put forth descending pressure on price rises. These are all aspects we require to take into consideration in our attention rate judgment.Ultimately it is domestic monetary policyNot the state of the international economy, which will conclude the UK inflation rate. The challenge for the MPC consequently is to regulate arouse rates to make sure that worldwide pressure does not generate lengthened and important divergence in price rises from its aim.Global economy affects UK inflationThere are a broad diversity of conducts in which international economic expansion influence the UK economy and therefore manipulate our rate of price rises. The entire procedure of globalization has structural influence on the UK economy, comprising the influence on labor relocation.The prices of trade in goods and services are the first one has an impact. Imports account for approximately 30% of the value of goods and services straight off and indirectly sold by UK business at residence and overseas. On the other hand, the prices of trade in manufactured merchandise will also reproduce the resources and power utilized in their produce, forming a supplementary indirect influence from product markets.The second channel of impact from the international economy is through demand. Tough expansion of demand, whether it derives at residence or overseas, permits the profit margins to develop and is pushed at an upward pressure on expenses, mainly when the economy is operating close to its capacity limits. By the similar token, weak demand exercises a dampenimpact on cost and price augmentation. Manipulating demand situations with the help of interest rates is one of the major means due to which the Monetary Policy Committee controls UK price rises.International economic expansion influence demand circumstances in the UK both directly and indirectly. The direct influence comes in the course of alteration in the demand for UK exports of goods and services, which make up approximately a quarter of the production of UK businesses on average. The importee of abroad demand diverges significantly among diverse sectors of the UK economy. Some manufacturing sectors sell a huge percentage of their production abroad, and for manufacturing industry as a total exports are approximately half the worth of production.In calculation to t his export channel, there are also indirect financial connections in the course of which international economic circumstances can affect UK demand. The UK business society is extremely intercontinental, depicting our custom as a trading nation and the honesty and friendliness of our financial markets to abroad investment. A lot of UK businesses are branch of bigger worldwide groupings, which is probable to strengthen the compassion of their investment and other trade judgments to worldwide demand and profitability.In accumulation to these price and demand factors, there is a third method in which worldwide economic situations might also influence UK price rises, which is in the course of their influence on the pricing conditions. As businesses turn out to be further skilled and global in edge, some economists have disagreed that international circumstances have turn out to be more and more significant in influencing pricing actions, relation to domestic issues. As per this vision, t he worldwide equilibrium of demand and supply and spirited forces on international markets may appear to have an important influence on cost in economies which are release to global business, such as the UK.The role of monetary policyIn a world in which worldwide progress has a significant manner on UK price rises, monetary course of action should react in subsequent way. One ending you might illustrate from my conversation so far is that UK price rises will be deeply subjective by international upgrading. And however, in spite of the modifications we have observed in the worldwide market more than the decade, UK price rises has been low down and extraordinarily wet.Three major traditions in which financial guidelines can act as a factor to manipulate the price rises when the UK economy is batter by worldwide shocks.The first of these is the affect the interest rates on the exchange rate. The exchange rate is not straightly managed by financial policy. But financial policy has a si gnificant impact. The interest rate discrepancy among diverse currency and the aspects, which are anticipated to manipulate its influence in currency markets due to their influence on the possible income to investors.If financial policy is constrict comparative to other countries, or is estimated to be constrict, this will be likely to push up the exchange rate in the next to time. Such an increase in the exchange rate should have a dampening influence on import cost augmentations, and can consequently answer an increase in worldwide price rises pressures. It also affects how eye-catching abroad markets are to exporters and consequently has a supplementary influence through the state of demand.The second way in which financial policy can contradict worldwide monetary forces is due to its influence on domestic demand expenditure by customers and investment by the private sector, both of which are exaggerated by interest rate alteration. Customer expenditure is the biggest single cons tituent of demand in the UK, and accounts for concerning 60% of domestic expenditure. A contraction in policy such as we have observed over the past year should have an important influence on the expansion of utilization, and therefore domestic demand.A third steady aspect is the reliability of financial policy and itsinfluence on cost prospect. If price raises prospect stay fast at or shut to the price rises goal, turbulence to the price rises pathway should demonstrate momentary, and it will be simpler for financial policy to be carried out a provisional shift in price rises. The duty of the MPC is now made simple by the practice of a decade and a half of low and steady price rises, which has assisted to determine UK, price rises prospects.The impact and pass-through of the identified unconventional policy shocks should help to learn more about the extraordinary policy measures taken by central banks as a response to the financial turmoil. Some caution is, however, required. A ca veat of the analysis is that the estimations are based on a sample period that covers the unquiet period on financial markets, as well as normal times.An implicit assumption is hence that the parameters did not change dramatically as a consequence of the crisis. In addition, the analysis only captures unconventional monetary policy to the extent that the measures influence the banking sector. Hence, a useful extension would be to also include direct lending of central banks in private markets in the analysis.

The Bible: An Eternal Canon

The Bible An Eternal CanonWhen one thinks of the word Bible, it evokes images of revelation at Sinai, full of lightning and thunder, where an awestruck nation received the ten commandments. It conjures images of Isaiahs soar prophecies, the anguish of Esther, and the courage of Daniel. However, despite the history within it, the Bible is not a history entertain. One who turns the pages and reads the ancient words will find promises of the rewards that tarry those who do good and the punishments that come in the wake of evil. The Bible is a roadmap to living life wisely it gives advice and guidance, comforts the aggrieved and inspires the crestfallen. It illuminates events and helps place them in perspective. It is not an gray storybook and not just a book of law but rather a compilation of the periods and people whose actions match relevant lessons to be learned, even thousands of years later.When they compiled and finalized which books would be include in the biblical canon, it was understood by the ancient Jewish political science that it was to be a guide for generations on how to live life. A central part of Judaism is the study of Torah in order to learn and adhere to the laws and way of life that is expected by God, as it says in the book of Joshua this book of the law shall not depart out of your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, that you may be careful to do according to all that is compose in it for then you shall make your way prosperous, and then you shall have good success1, meaning that one who studied the Bible would glean from it what the correct thing to do in their own life was and therefore, would find success. As such, while there were likely other books written, and certainly there were many other prophets and prophecies experienced, before the redaction of the biblical canon began, not e very(prenominal)thing was worthy of eternal inclusion. A criterion for inclusion was that each book chosen by the ancient Jewish authorities was a selection which provided teachings, be they ethical or moral, that would be applicable and relevant for all forthcoming generations, regardless of time and place. If the Jewish authorities did not feel that it would still be relevant to be studied by future generations, regardless of how interesting it may have been, they did not include it.The biblical canon is meant to shape people. It is logical to believe that the Creator of the Universe provided man with a code of conduct, as it says God insists that His worshippers live up to strict standards of morality and morality2. God, through His actions, displayed the moral and ethical path that one should strive to emulate. When the ancient Jewish authorities compiled the biblical canon, it was clear that they were including the books that presented examples of upright and dedicated behaviour that future generations should strive to emulate. The biblical canon also endeavours to bring people who read its ancient p ages closer to God. The books included in the biblical canon were selected with the intention that these dateless words would have an impact on all future generations and would still create a framework for a relationship with God, even thousands of years later.another(prenominal) of the criteria for being included in the bible was that the works be composed during the era of prophetic revelation that is, no later than the time of the building of the spot Temple in Jerusalem by the returned exiles from Babylonia3. Books and prophecies that emerged after(prenominal) this cut-off date were not included in the biblical canon. It is for this reason that the Books of the Maccabees were not considered for biblical inclusion, since they were written after the period of prophetic revelation had ended. An opinion as to why this was the cut-off date for inclusions is that it was believed that no addition would be on the holy level of the books originally included in the bible. This is becau se the era of divine prophecy had concluded. There was also a feeling of being post-biblical Jews, meaning they felt that no matter how good a proposed new book for the Bible was, it did not matter since the Bible was closed for new additions.However, there is evidence that as late as the second cytosine CE there was an ongoing debate occurring regarding certain books that had originally been included in the biblical canon that some rabbis believed should be removed. This debate is displayed in a Mishnah where the books Ecclesiastes and straining of Songs are discussed with the concept of ones hands becoming impure following contact with these holy books.4 A difficult concept to understand, the essence of the idea is that if holy books make ones hands impure, they would be handled more delicately, and the very few hand-written copies in circulation at the time would be protected from too much use. An additional history for this idea, is that there was holy bread that people would place next to the holy books, thinking that since both were considered holy it was an appropriate thing to do. However, it was found that rodents nibbling on the nutriment would also gnaw on the scrolls, thereby damaging them. Therefore, the rule was put in place to prevent damage to the books. The debate regarding this rule with respect to Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs in this Mishnah is whether the two books mentioned render ones hands impure, meaning are they considered holy like the other books that compile the biblical canon. The Mishnah brings several differing opinions on the subject, and it is clear that while both books remain in the Biblical Canon and are considered holy like all the others, there was, at some point, a debate most whether they should have continued to be included.It is evident that the ancient Jewish authorities recognized the centrality of the biblical canon to Judaism and took the task of compiling which books were appropriate for inclusion very seri ously. Working with an understanding that the collection of books they were putting together would be studied intimately and thoroughly for thousands of years, they made the decision that only those books whose stories had applicable lessons for future generations would be included. Potential volumes that told of times where no lasting life instruction could be gleaned were dismissed. Materials that did not help to further ones relationship with God were also dismissed, since a make out component of the biblical canon is to bring individuals closer to God as well as to teach individuals what God expects from them, ethically and morally, through Gods actions in the bible. A final criterion for inclusion in the biblical canon was the time in which an event happened. If the book was written after the era of revelation had stopped, it was mechanically disregarded since the biblical canon was closed to new additions that were not divinely inspired. The ancient Jewish authorities and the ir rabbinic heirs did not subscribe to the New will or the Koran because they did not agree with the belief that those books were of divine inspiration. Thus, their criteria for inclusion was intended as a protection against future man-made and human-inspired works that potentially negated or contradicted the precepts of the Torah.In sum, the ancient Jewish authorities were aware of the tremendous responsibility of compiling a canon of books that would be relevant for future generations and would hold strong the ideal of emulating Gods ways with fealty and steadfast allegiance. With that in mind, they established detailed criteria to follow to ensure that even thousands of years later, an individual could open these books to get wind in the creased pages of time to reveal eternal knowledge and wisdom of how one can transform their experience of life today.ReferencesSegal, Eliezer. Introducing Judaism. Vol. 4. Routledge, 20091 Joshua 18 Bible RSV2Segal, Eliezer. Introducing Judaism. Vol. 4. Routledge, 2009, 147.3 ibid. 154 Mishnah Yadayim 35

Broken Windows Theory Analysis

baffled Windows Theory AnalysisAssessing the theory of modest WindowsWicked pot exist. Nothing avails except to set them apart from innocent battalionWe arrest trifled with the wicked, do sport of the innocent, and encouraged the calculators. Justice suffers, and so do we all James WilsonThe basic idea for the Broken Windows theory is that any kind of urban chivy a overturned window, graffitied walls, rubbish on the streets, etc. does no harm to a neighbourhood if it is immediately remedied. However, if left unt destinati onenessd, it signifies a lack of c be in the community, the kind of environment in which it is accept fit for residents to relinquish any nonions of concern. And while the initial damage and disrepair is physical, the next stage is psychological. That is, if it becomes acceptable for people to litter and destroy at lead, why not walk around drunk, or beg for money, or mug others for it? Why not even kill for it? Why imitate any kind of rules at all? I n sum, the Broken Windows theory postulates that the smallest symptoms can introduce to the greatest crimes. This paper will examine the effectiveness of this idea.The Broken Windows theory outgrowth became widely known in 1982, when James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling published an member in the Atlantic Monthly called Broken Windows The Police and Neighborhood Safety. The article articulated the reasons why minor neighbourhood slights should not be ignoredA piece of property is abandoned, weeds grow up, a window is smashed. Adults choke up scolding punk children the children, emboldened, become more rowdy. Families move out, unattached adults move in. Teenagers gather in front of the corner store. The merchant asks them to move they ref purpose. Fights occur. Litter accumulates. pack start drinking in front of the grocery in time, an inebriate slumps to the sidewalk and is allowed to sleep it false. Pedestrians be approached by panhandlers (Wilson and Kelling, 1982).On t he surface, this idea, that small acts of anti favorable conduct can act as catalysts for others, and that a broken window sends a signal to criminals that it okay to break the law, seems perfectly reasonable and logical. The notion that once people begin disregarding the norms that keep golf-club in a community, both order and community unravel, even follows the concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics (systems by nature progress from a state of order to disorder). And al almost from its inception, the idea took hold.While the Wilson/Kelling article did the most to earthly concernise the theory, there were some precedents, namely Philip Zimbardos 1969 sample, in which he left two identical 1959 Oldsmobiles in antithetic neighbourhoods, one near the Bronx campus of natural York University and one near the Stanford University campus in Palo Alto, California. The license plates of both cars were removed and the hoods candid to provide the necessary releaser sign als (Zimbardo, 1969).In the Bronx, within ten minutes, the car was vandalised, and by the end of the day was stripped bare. In Palo Alto, the car remained untouched for a week, until Zimbardo himself broke one of its windows with a sledgehammer, at which point others joined in. Within a few hours, the car was completely destroyed. (Gladwell, 1996).Zimbardos focus was on the psychological aspects of authority and anonymity, and his experiment aimed to understand what factors and to what extent human behaviour was g all overned by environmental and physiological stimuli, a process known as deindividuationa series of spring fond conditions lead to a change in perception of self and others, and thereby to a lowered threshold of normally restrained behavior (Zimbardo, 1969).Wilson and Kellings article, however, was more prescriptive, and was concentrate on applying the Broken Windows theory to law enforcement procedures. And it is in this way that politicians and police have regarded the theory over the past twenty-five years, paving the way for a slate of reforms aimed at promoting deterrence through arrests, imprisonment and grating sentencing, with a heavy reliance on the criminal justice system to impart unplayful and swift penalties (Conklin, 1992).Within the article, the authors discuss the historical function of police work, which they describe as maintaining habitual orderFrom the earliest days of the nation, the police function was seen in the beginning as that of a night watchman to maintain order once morest the chief threats to order fire, wild animals, and disreputable behavior. Solving crimes was viewed not as a police office but as a private one (Wilson and Kelling, 1982).However, this eventually changed, and detective work (solving crimes) took on a greater role, a shift that the authors feel should be reversedA great deal was accomplished during this transition, as both police chiefs and outside experts emphasized the crime-fighting functi on in their plans, in the allocation of resources, and in deployment of personnel. The police may well have become better crime-fighters as a result. And doubtless they remained aware of their responsibility for order. But the link between order-maintenance and crime-prevention, so distinct to earlier gene proportionalityns, was forgotten (ibid).Another criticism unciviliseded by Wilson and Kelling was the lack of community policing, or the beat officer on foot, patrolling the neighbourhood. Instead, there had been a calm shift towards keeping the officers in their squad cards, in which case they were isolated, removed from the people of the neighbourhood and the life on the street, whereas what foot-patrol officers did was to elevate, to the extent that they could, the level of public order in these approximations (ibid). In short, the officer on foot was not solely more accessible, and thus a part of the community he was better able to understand it and serve it.The majority o f the theory, however, has to do with a new focus on smaller crimes beggars, drunks, teenagers, litter, etc. rather than big ones. These so-called gateway crimes are where the real offenses take root eliminate these, and the major crimes will be stopped before they have a chance to foster and spreadThe citizen who fears the ill-smelling drunk, the rowdy teenager, or the importuning beggar is not merely expressing his distaste for unseemly behavior he is similarly crowing voice to a bit of folk firmness that happens to be a correct generalization namely that serious street crime flourishes in areas in which undercover behavior goes unchecked. The unchecked panhandler is, in effect, the first broken window (ibid).But does the theory work? As of yet, there has been no scientific evidence proving it does. Even Wilson himself a few years agone admitted People have not understood that this was a speculation (Hurley, 2004).It should be noted that on the genuinely first page of the Atlantic Monthly article, where the authors were giving a history of community policing in unusedark, NJ, they mentioned a study by the Police Foundation that discovered that while foot patrol had not cut back crime rates, residents seemed to feel more secure than persons in other areas (Wilson and Kelling, 1982).On the surface, this seems pretty straightforward because foot patrols did not lead to a drop in crime rates, they didnt do anything to make neighbourhoods safer. However, Wilson and Kelling use the residents testimony to argue that, in fact, the community is safer, because disorder itself is something to be fearedWe understand what most often frightens people in public places. Many citizens, of course, are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a sudden, violent attack by a stranger. This risk is very real, in Newark as in some large cities. But we tend to overlook another source of fearthe fear of universe bothered by disorderly people (ibid).This is all very well and good, that people appreciate not having to deal with aggressive and disorderly people. But how harmonisely is safety being measured, if not by crime rates? The authors for sure arent implying that it can be measured by residents feelings of safety? Regardless, the rest of the article makes no mention of this issue, and concentrates primarily on perceived dangers (how to curb a communitys fears of being bothered by disorderly persons), rather than actual ones (curbing crime rates themselves).The theory had its first test in the early 90s, when the Mayor of New York, Rudy Giuliani, mechanismed his own version of it to target the metropoliss high crime rate. This didnt happen simply by chance George Kelling was a cured fellow of the Manhattan Institute, and was one of Giulianis advisors (DePalma, 2002). The term that was used to describe the new initiative was the no tolerance policy. This phrase, along with another that soon followed ( quality of life), acte d as the cornerstones for Giulianis mayorship. He aimed to sharply target even minor infractions (no tolerance) in order to clean up the city and make New York a safe place to live (improved quality of life).Police were given powers that they never before had, and were encouraged to hand out tickets and arrests for anything and everything. For the cops, Chief of Police William Bratton commented, they were a bonanza. Every arrest was bid opening a box of Cracker Jacks. What kind of toy am I going to get? Got a gun? Got a knife? Got a warrant? Do we have a murderer here? Each cop wanted to be the one who came up with the big collar. It was exhilarating for the cops and demoralizing for the crooks (Bratton, 1998).In appurtenance to the usual list of offenders drunks, panhandlers, juvenile delinquents were added jaywalkers and squeegee men, those homeless men and women who aggressively and without asking would clean a cars windshield while the driver was stuck in traffic, and then demand payment. The effect of the new procedures was instant and irrevocable crime dropped to its lowest figures in four decades, and stayed there. At the present moment, New York City is the safest big city in America. However, whether this decline can solely or even partially be attributed to Broken Windows is up for debate. At the same time the police were implementing harsh no tolerance crackdowns, the crack cocaine market bottomed out, which resulted in less drug deals, fewer addicts on the street and a reduction in violent turf wars, all of which at one time were responsible for numerous muggings and murders (Harcourt, 2002). In addition, over the same time purpose, there were dramatic improvements in emergency response capabilities and medical care, which ended up saving the lives of eternal people who previously would have died (Lizza, 2002).There were also important changes at the New York Police department during this time that could have explained the drop in crime, in cluding a significant increase in the number of police officers. In 1992, Giulianis predecessor, David Dinkins, hired over two thousand new officers under the Safe Streets, Safe City project, and Giuliani himself hired another four thousand, and merged another six thousand expedition and Housing Authority officers into the ranks of the New York Police Department (Harcourt, 2002). Because of this, the department increased from 26,856 in 1991 to 39,779 in 2000, giving New York the largest police force in the country, with the highest ratio of officers to civilians of any major city (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992).Another argument against the success of Broken Windows is that the 1990s were generally a boom time. The stock market, employment and wage were all at record highs throughout the United States, and crime rates are usually more prevalent when times are hard. For example, crime fell in many large cities San Francisco, San Diego, Los Angeles, Houston, Boston and others at exactly the same time, and in some cases in an even more dramatic fashion iodin study found that New York Citys drop in homicides, though impressive, is n either unparalleled nor unprecedented. Houstons drop in homicides of 59 percent between 1991 and 1996 outpaced New York Citys 51 percent decline over the same period. Another study looked at the rates of decline in homicides in the seventeen largest U.S. cities from 1976 to 1998 and found that New York Citys novel decline, though above average, was the fifth largest, behind San Diego, Washington, D.C., St. Louis, and Houston (Joanes, 1999).And many of these cities did not implement the kind of order-maintenance procedures that New York did. For example, the San Diego police department instilled a model based on community-police relations. Their strategy was one of sharing the responsibility of identifying and solving crimes with neighbourhood residents. Because of this, San Diego not saw a marked decrease in crime, but experienc ed a 15 percent drop in arrests, and an 8 percent drop in complaints of police misconduct (Greene, 1999).In addition, San Francisco made community involvement a priority, and felony incarcerations dropped from 2,136 in 1993 to 703 in 1998, and rape, robbery, aggravated assault and total violent crime decreased more than the rate in New York over the same period (Khaled and Macallair, 2002).Other cities, including Los Angeles, Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio, also experienced significant decreases in crime without adopting as coherent a policing strategy as New York or San Diego.The fact is that there was a remarkable drop in crime in many major cities in the United States during the 1990s, many of which used a variety of different strategies. To attribute New Yorks declining crime rates to merely their implementation of more aggressive initiatives is overly simplistic. However, New Yorks success got the most publicity, and practically of the country wanted to learn from Giuliani a nd to implement their own no tolerance policies. And its popularity in the U.S. was only matched by its appeal abroad. In 1998, representatives from over 150 police departments from around the innovation visited New York to learn about order-maintenance policing, and in 2000, another 235 police departments, the vast majority from overseas, followed suit (Gootman, 2000).However, even if the Broken Windows theory is correct, it has still never been fully explained as to how it works. It could be argued that those who choose to commit crimes, denied the signals they would normally receive from low-grade disorder, move on to different locales. But where do they go? And if such places existed, couldnt they implement their own Broken Windows initiatives? One possible answer comes from writer and social theorist Malcolm Gladwell, who suggests that crime actually does increase or decrease much like an epidemic, and at certain thresholds will turn, rather than rise and fall in a typical li near fashion (Gladwell, 1996).Wilson and Kelling for their part fail to talk much about the specifics by which public disorder turns into crime. They simply say it does, as do most of the theorys supporters. However, some seem to have taken the idea to separated extremes, such as a Lancaster, Pennsylvania reporter commenting on the citys new quality of life initiatives If you put a couch out in a backyard, somebody could get raped on that couch (Van Nguyan, 2001).Bernard Harcourt, who has written extensively on the issue, believes that the aggressive prosecution of disorderly behaviour has had little effect on crime rates dropping. His argument is that the increased number of arrests, searchers, surveillance, and police officers on the streets has had the fairly straightforward effect of bringing more small offenses to light, and that no incontrovertible connection has ever made between disorder and crime (Harcourt, 2002). His worry is that this sets a dangerous precedent, and tha t the unfounded power of the police will only lead to more drastic action against less drastic offenses, especially minoritiesIncidents like the NYPDs alleged torture of a Haitian naturally reinforce minority citizens suspiciousness of the police. This mistrust has been boosted of late by numerous television videotapes showing police officers beating up unresisting citizens. In most cases, the cops were white and those on the receiving end of their clubs were black or Latino (McNamara, 1997).However, this is exactly in line with what Wilson and Kelling argue for, this bygone era of policingThe police in this earlier period assisted in that reassertion of authority by acting, sometimes violently, on behalf of the community. Young toughs were roughed up, people were arrested on suspicion or for vagrancy, and prostitutes and petty thieves were routed. Rights were something enjoyed by decent folk, and perhaps also by the serious professional criminal, who avoided violence and could aff ord a lawyer (Wilson and Kelling, 1982).Kelling himself spent some time accompanying an officer (Kelly) on his beat, the experience of which again illustrates a strange tolerance for lawlessness on the part of the policeSometimes what Kelly did could be described as enforcing the law, but just as often it involved taking informal or extralegal steps to help protect what the neighborhood had decided was the appropriate level of public order. Some of the things he did probably would not withstand a legal challenge (ibid).After all, what can extralegal possibly mean other than illegal? It seems odd that this is the diverseness of behaviour the authors advocate, one in which officers are allowed to take the law into their own hands, but anyone who commits even the smallest of trespasses jaywalking, littering, urinating in public needs to be several punished. It certainly doesnt put much faith in the fairness of the model. And, in fact, the Broken Windows model is nurturemost from f air. One of its constant critiques is that the kinds of offenses it targets are primarily those carried out by the poor. There is no mention of embezzlement, crooked accountants, insurance scams, loan sharks or slumlords, crimes typical of the wealthy. And these offenses, certainly, can have just as damaging effect on a community as a host of unsightly behaviours, if not more so.The broken windows metaphor is interesting in that it is actually up to landlords to crush real-life broken windows, while it is often those who are not in a position to do so, the community, who are held responsible for the damage. Aside from more people being arrested and subsequently incarcerated, the theory doesnt actually do much to aid a neighbourhood. If the aim is improved public order, couldnt that be achieved with homeless shelters, urban renewal projects and social workers? (Harcourt, 2002). In many ways, the philosophy behind it is almost out of sight, out of mind. And, in fact, this seems to b e the view expressed by Kelling and his wife Catherine Coles in holdfast Broken Windows, a book-length exploration of the policing strategies first advocated in 1982Kelling and Coles take a tough-minded view of who the street denizens we frequently label the homeless really are and what they are doing, sidestepping the politically constructed images of claimants like the homeless that little resemble the aggressive, conniving, often drug-crazed schemers that Kelling and Coles see populating the streets (Skogan, 1997).Skogan, in fact, is so skeptical of the motives of the poor that he cannot even use the word homeless without quotation marks, as if they all have houses somewhere. The problem with this kind of thinking is that it leads to a dangerous two worlds model, where people are either decent and respectable or disingenuous and no good. And, naturally, all the problems in neighbourhoods arise from the actions of the latter. This kind of precedent was set down by Wilson as far b ack as 1968The teenager hanging out on a street corner late at night, especially one dressed in an eccentric manner, a Negro wearing a conk rag (a piece of cloth tied around the head to hold flat blur being processed that is, straightened), girls in short skirts and boys in long hair parked in a flashy car talking loudly to friends on the curb, or interracial couples all of these are seen by many police officers as persons displaying unconventional and improper behavior (Wilson, 1968).If the police are allowed to restore public order according to their own beliefs and judgments, what is to stop them from carrying out whatever action they deem necessary against the unconventional and improper, including using extralegal measures?Unfortunately, cultural hegemony is nothing new, and many neighbourhoods have enforced rules that govern the actions and abodes of its residents. In every community there is a house that doesnt conform to the aesthetic principles of the rest, a lawn that i s never tended or strewn with toys or trash, a derelict car that doesnt meet environmental standards, all of which raise resident ire. But should these things be dealt with under the Broken Windows theory? For example, the town of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, take Broken Windows measures in the late 90s, and in 2002, the local newspaper received this letterThis being almost mid-April, shouldnt homeowners have had sufficient time to remove their celestial latitude holiday decorations? Icicle lights hung year round give the impression of a homeowner with an aversion to work and negatively impacts on neighborhoods (Kelly, 2002).While there are obvious differences between public drunks and icicle lights, in other cases the line is much finer, and the potential for abuse is obvious. Wilson and Kelling, for their part, are aware of the problem, and speak out against itThe concern about fair play is more serious. We might agree that certain behavior makes one person more undesirable than ano ther but how do we ensure that age or skin color or national origin or harmless mannerisms will not also become the basis for distinguishing the undesirable from the desirable? How do we ensure, in short, that the police do not become the agents of neighborhood bigotry? We can offer no wholly satisfactory answer to this important question. We are not confident that there is a satisfactory answer except to hope that by their selection, training, and supervision, the police will be inculcated with a clear signified of the outer limit of their discretionary authority. That limit, roughly, is this the police exist to help regulate behavior, not to maintain the racial or ethnic purity of a neighborhood (Wilson and Kelling, 1982).Unfortunately, their only solution is to again have the community put its faith in the integrity and judgment of the law enforcement officer, a notion that does little to stamp down the doubts of those who might be wrongly typecast as criminal because of their race, age or class. In such a subjective atmosphere, with so much at stake, it seems dubious to give one party the last word, or the ability to render judgment (especially if that party is the one with the gun). By taking the focus off the community, and putting it on the individual, a dangerous precedent is being set.However, not everyone agrees with this line of thinking. In fact, many people, including police officers, understand that the only way for Broken Windows or any other community enforcement project to succeed is by people working togetherWithout the full cooperation of the community, local government and the courts community policing will not work (police officer Daniel Jenkins, 2002).Unfortunately, the authors themselves dont focus too much on this notion of working together, and, if anything, since the Atlantic Monthly article, have gone even further to highlight the vast differences between people. For example, in 1985, Wilson co-authored with Richard Herrnstein a b ook called Crime and Human Nature, which describes the various traits by which to classify and identify criminals. The book deals not only with age, class and race but body types, painstakingly sorting and measuring these and other attributes into definable composites of law-abiders and law-breakers. The authors conclusions are fairly predictable, describing those prone to commit crimes as anUnattached, young, most often racialized other. The youth or young adult, threatening, defiant, suspicious, often black, wearing distinctive designer-label clothes. Or the down-and-out street person in a dirty large coat. Or the squeegee man, the panhandler, the homeless person, the turnstile jumper, the public drunk (Harcourt, 2002).In stark opposition to this are the ideas of Felton Earls and his colleagues, who conducted a large-scale study of street crime in Chicago in 1997. The studys main focus was on collective efficacy, which was defined as social cohesion among neighbors and their will ingness to intervene on behalf of the common good (Sampson, Raudenbush and Earls, 1997). The concept, according to the study, is the greatest predictor of street crime, and not Broken Windows or any form of disorderTesting broken windows was not the point of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the study planned and conducted by Dr. Earls and colleagues to unravel the social, familial, educational and personal threads that weave together into lives of crime and violenceNonetheless the information gathered for it, with a precision rarely seen in social science, directly contradicted Dr. Wilsons notions (Hurley, 2004).Thus, the seemingly obvious and incontestable connection between crime and disorder may, in fact, not exist at all. Community presence and action may actually be what ultimately fells crime. According to EarlsIts not so much that broken glass or disarray in neighborhoods is the source or root of crime, its really in the social relationships that ex ist among neighbors, among people who work in neighborhoods, among run and so forth, that the social conditions are there to engage or not to engage citizens, neighbors in watching out for crime or crime-related activity in the neighborhoods (Earls, 2004).And in another no less extensive study two years later, Sampson and Raudenbush found thatdisorder and predatory crime were moderately related, but that, when antecedent characteristics were added (such as poverty and neighbourhood trust), the connection between the two vanished in four out of five tests including homicide, arguably our best measure of violence (Sampson and Raudenbush, 1999). In addition, they discovered that while disorder may have indirect effects on crime by influencing migration patterns, investment by businesses, and overall neighborhood viabilityattacking public order through tough police tactics was politically popular but an analytically weak strategy to reduce crime (ibid).In short, the key tenets of Bro ken Windows that disorder leads to crime, and that said crimes are generally carried out by individuals belonging to a criminal class are questionable. This is not to say that the stallion theory is at fault certainly the notion that a safe neighbourhood is one in which the residents feel secure enough to participate in its defense still holds water. In addition, Wilson and Kelling are correct in urging the community to work with police, and for police to become a part of the community. What they seem to have missed is that the focus of this kind of relationship should rest on there being a real and active presence in the community, and not on crime and disorder.One related irony is that, in the use of Broken Windows policing in New York, for all their effectiveness in cracking down on a wide range of antisocial behaviors, the New York City police never repaired a hotshot broken window, fixed up a single house, or cleaned one vacant lot (Grogan and Proscio, 2000). Furthermore, b ecause of the new aggressive tactics, the city experienced illegal strip searches, extensive sums lost to police misconduct charges, clogged courts and countless traumatic encounters for innocent, ordinary individuals (Harcourt, 2002). In addition, the implementation of a policy of arrest may have had unintended consequencesSomeone arrested for turnstile jumping may be fired for missing work and strained police-civilian relations can create friction between the community and the police force that may be detrimental to solving crimes (ibid).However, this has not stopped cities across the world from emulating Broken Windows procedures, or, for that matter, Giuliani and the Manhattan Institute from exporting their policing philosophies to places like Latin America (despite reservations that what worked in an economic boom in the U.S. may not do as well in extremely poor cities undergoing violent crime and corrupt police) (Village Voice, 2002).The rectitude of the matter is that Broke n Windows is not applicable everywhere, and even within the theory itself there are vagaries, namely the categories of disorder and the disorderly. The concepts are not well-defined while we identify certain acts as disorderly panhandling, public drunkenness, litter, prostitution others police brutality, tax evasion, accounting fraud we do not. In addition, the acts themselves are sometimes ambiguous. For example, while people loitering on a buildings front steps or the presence graffiti may signify that a community is disorderly, it is only if they are seen as such. In some neighbourhoods, people loitering may represent strong community bonds, and graffiti may be seen as an art form, or as political or social commentary. The darker truth about Broken Windows is that it attempts to enforce an aesthetically sterile and safe environment, in which one community looks like the next looks like the next. While no one can argue that panhandlers, prostitutes and homeless people, along w ith litter, dirt and broken windows themselves are not eyesores, their removal is not necessarily a sign of progress. And for those subject to countless and unnecessary searches, acts of intimidation, arrests, imprisonments and the like, it is anything but.BibliographyBratton, William J. Turnaround How Americas Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York Random House, 1998.Conklin, John E. Criminology. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.DePalma, Anthony. The Americas Court a Group That Changed New York. The New York Times, Nov. 11, 2002.Felton, Earls. National Public Radio, Weekend Edition. Jan. 17, 2004.Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point. The New Yorker, June 3, 1996.Gootman, Elissa. A Police Departments Growing Allure Crime Fighters From Around World Visit for Tips. The New York Times, Oct. 24, 2000.Greene, Judith A. Zero-Tolerance A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City. Crime and Delinquency 45, 1999.Grogan, Paul, and Proscio, Tony. Comeback C ities A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival. Boulder Westview Press, 2000.Harcourt, Bernard. Policing Disorder skunk We Reduce Serious Crime by Punishing Petty Offenses? Boston Review, April/May, 2002.Hurley, Dan. Scientist at Work Felton Earls On Crime as Science (A Neighbor at a Time). The New York Times, Jan. 6, 2004.Jenkins, Daniel. Community Policing Problems Most People Dont Want to Become Involved. The Sunday News, June 30, 2002.Joanes, Ana. Does the New York City Police Department Deserve Credit for the correct in New York Citys Homicide Rates? A Cross-City Comparison of Policing Strategies and Homicide Rates. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 33, 1999.Kelling, George L. and Coles, Catherine M. Fixing Broken Windows. New York The Free Press, 199

Failure At The Battle Of Britain History Essay

Failure At The contend Of Britain History EssayIn the summer of 1940, the Battle of Britain was fought between the Royal job superpower of enceinte Britain and the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany. The assault was Hitlers attempt at decimating Britains air twitch and morale, enabling a full-scale seaborne impact of Britain. The failure of such an pushy undertaking marked Germanys first significant land and became a turning point in World War Two. More than seventy years upstartr, historians handle to pass on over the reasons for the failure of the Luftwaffe, prompting an investigation to answer To what extent was the Luftwaffe responsible for their failure at the Battle of Britain?This essay analyses two sides of the debate either that the RAFs successes were the most important cause of Germanys failure, or that it was the errors of the Luftwaffe that proved decisive in Britains victory. Utilizing the views of historians such as Stephen Bungay, RJ Overy and JP Ray, this essay a lso employs some primary sources to consolidate two arguments, and forms a conclusion to the investigation.Although the Luftwaffe were not perfectly suited to the task of singlehandedly eliminating Britains key defences, being a support pound rather than a strategic one, the slide number of flees and planes that they had at their disposal, combined with the fact that they did not arouse to defend anything themselves, should claim guaranteed a German victory. Instead, the constantly shifting strategy and bad drawing cards combined with tainted intelligence complicated the operation. Additionally, Britain benefited from the leadership of Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Air Marshal Hugh Dowding, small-arm being aided by their microwave radio detection and ranging primal warning frame and the advantage of armed combat within social territory. In conclusion, however, the Luftwaffe was still the clear favourite and it was only through their mistakes that the RAF was abl e to survive.IntroductionThe Battle of Britain, part of the Second World War, began in the summer of 1940, on the 10th of July. An entirely aerial battle, Hitler initiated the assault as a preliminary phase of his invasion of Britain, codenamed Operation Sea Lion. The Luftwaffe was meant to neutralize the RAF and Britains different key defences, enabling the German Navy to land and discharge troops. not only was this failure a psychological blow to the Nazi war campaign, but also much significantly it thwarted Hitlers planning for the German invasion of the USSR, for which timing was crucial. The Luftwaffe was overconfident as a result of its successes across the rest of Europe, but it failed to anticipate the conditions of a battle fought exclusively in the air understandably, since the Battle of Britain was the first entirely aerial conflict. Hermann Goering, the commandant in chief of the Luftwaffe, assured Hitler that he could guarantee ascendency of the skies above the cha nnel, protecting the German invasion force from the RAF. Not only did the Battle demise far longer than intended, but also the Luftwaffe failed their objective, forcing Hitler to postpone Operation Sea Lion indefinitely1.Both during the Battle and in the years following it, the British cleverly capitalised on the propaganda value of their success. This gave rise to the initial popular view that it was the courage and resilience of the RAF that had repelled the Luftwaffe through sheer determination, overcoming the numerical odds. Indeed, Churchill would often mention in his speeches and later his memoirs the importance of the Few2. However, Orthodox historical investigations adopted a to a greater extent analytical and less sensationalist view that Britains inherent advantages of radar and friendly territory tipped the scales in their favour, combined with the heroism of the pilots and Britains impressive belligerent toil and sound leadership3. An alternative revisionist view emer ged later as records pop of Germany came to light, stating that despite all of this Britain would still fuddle lost if the Luftwaffe had not conducted their campaign so poorly4. After all, it is undisputed that the Germans had greater numbers of planes5and to a greater extent importantly, capable, go through pilots. The fact that such a key event slide bys to be a subject of intense debate merits an investigation into what actually was the more decisive part. therefore the following research question is still very relevant today To what extent was the Luftwaffe responsible for their failure at the Battle of Britain? While both sides of the debate provide compelling evidence, ultimately, for all of the RAFs courage and advantages, the Luftwaffe should have been able to overwhelm them with sheer brute force and elementary tactical manoeuvres, but the extent to which the Luftwaffes mistakes altered the communication channel of the Battle led to Britains victory.The RAFs respons ibility for the resultThere can be no uncertainty that the RAF showed an unprecedented level of resilience and intelligence in clutchings with the German threat, and despite all of the propaganda associated with it, there is a great deal of evidence that supports this orthodox view. One of the major contributors to this success was the system implemented by Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding, aptly named the Dowding system of defence. Dowding organized a structured system of command and networked intelligence, with several scattered Sectors coverage to four groups, and each group then filtering and passing on the necessary information to the central admirer Command Headquarters6.The Dowding system ensured that Fighter Command was able to receive a clear and updated picture of the Battle at all times. This was in no small part due to the effectuation of Radio Direction Finding (RDF) also k at presentn as radar, which was instrumental in ensuring that Fighter Command knew exactly w hen and where the Germans were attacking. Since its inception in 1935, Dowding had personally championed the radar system. Furthermore, the use of radar was cleverly organised Fighter Command controlled the radar, but each sector was able to control its airfields and observers, enabling local control that avoided the potential delay of waiting for Fighter Commands directions. Additionally, as Fighter Command directly received radar, if the Luftwaffe succeeded in bombing a station, Fighter Command would continue to function unimpaired. On the 7th of September 1940, the Luftwaffe attacked capital of the United Kingdom with 400 bombers escorted by whizzs. This attack tested the efficiency of the system once the Germans were detected by the radar and confirmed as three waves of aircraft, the commander of 11 Group, Keith Park, direct six of his squadrons to combat the first wave while holding the remainder of the group for the other two, saving fuel. Meanwhile, 12 Group and 10 Group w ere deployed to protect 11 Groups vulnerable airfields from German bombers7. Dowdings system was able to eliminate the Luftwaffes advantage of surprise8, allowing the British to send aside the precise number of aircraft exactly where they were needed to thwart the Germans and this became a vital component of Britains victory, especially since the Germans refused to recognize the threat of it.Another factor in the result of the Battle was the ability of the British factories to replace lost and damaged aircraft. Britains fighter issue was far better than Germanys, approximately 500 per month against just over 150 per month by the Germans9. In addition, these aircraft were Hurricanes and Spitfires, naughty quality planes that were more than a match for Germanys own Bf 109s and 110s10. The rapid rate of production ensured that the RAF never had a shortage of operational aircraft, although the alike could not be said of their pilot reserves.11. This impressive level of production w as primarily due to professional Beaverbrooks ability to deregulate the processes used for aircraft production, in his capacity as Minister of Aircraft Production. With Churchills help, Beaverbrook managed to persuade British citizens to donate pots, pans and even fences and railings to be used in factories in a scheme dubbed Saucepans to Spitfires12. Churchill often lauded Beaverbrooks success, during these calendar weeks of intense struggle and ceaseless anxiety, claiming that his personal buoyancy and vigour were a tonic13, and on the 2nd of August 1940 he appointed Beaverbrook to the War Cabinet. The results of Beaverbrooks efforts were directly reflected in the number of operational airplanes, which rose from 560 to 730 between June and November14.The orthodox view gives great importance to Dowdings excellent tactical deployment of his aircraft in determining the RAFs victory. Dowding was aware from the beginning that the number of trained pilots available was always dangerou sly scarce a notion supported by accounts from fighter pilots that emerged after the war, claiming that they were often scrambled three or four times a day15. Despite strong suggestions from 12 Group Commander Trafford Leigh-Mallory and the leader of 242 squadron Douglas Bader to attack the Germans head on in a massive fire fight, Dowding held firm with his strategy of utilizing his early warning system to send out a small number of planes to intercept the Germans where they were most needed. Furthermore, during the last days of the Battle of France, Dowding refused to send out any more squadrons to the aid of the French, recognizing that Frances defeat was inevitable16.During the Battle of Britain, 11 Group, which often bore the brunt of the German attack, frequently requested Fighter Command for support from the other Groups. Indeed, some of the pilots in 11 Group who later recounted their experiences have criticized Dowding for putting also much strain on Air Vice Marshal Park17 , although it is unlikely that these pilots would have sympathized with the general strategy after the ordeals they were put through. Dowding also understood that the RAF had an essential advantage in battle over friendly territory firstly, an RAF pilot who ejected from his plane could easily be rescued and returned to the front-line, whereas German pilots would become prisoners of war, or drown in the Channel. Considering that out of the more than 800 planes shot down, only 507 RAF pilots were killed, this was extremely important given the RAFs lack of reserve pilots18. Secondly, the Luftwaffe was operating out of France, which meant they had to waste precious fuel crossing the English Channel, whereas the RAF planes took off much nearer to the points of interception.19Another shot of the RAFs ingenuity that worked in their favour was their quick adaptation of aerial combat tactics. The nature of the Battle of Britain was such that both the RAF and the Luftwaffe were initially unprepared for the scale and chiliad of the fighting that was conducted. As per the training manual, RAF pilots initially used a conventional formation with two wingmen flying behind the leader at a unyielding distance, which express mail their ability to defend the leader20. By contrast, the Luftwaffe sent fighters operating in a two pair formation around their bombers, and towards the end of July the RAF had already adopted this strategy. Wing Commander H. R. Allen of 11 Group believed that if the RAF had used this method from the beginning, they would have been several times more efficient at destroying German aircraft21. Since Allen was a pilot who actually fought in the Battle, it is reasonable to assume that he would have been able to evaluate this effectively. Also, the RAF modified their standard squadron formation, using part of the squadron flying in three lines, while the rest flew above and to the rear, offering better defence and ready replacements for any losses in the front22. Another important tactic employed by the RAF was to send their faster, more agile Spitfires against the German Messerschmitt 109s, while allowing their Hurricanes to eliminate the slower and more vulnerable German bombers. Britains adaptability helped to conserve their regulateed resources and expeditiously engage the enemy, offering crucial tactical gains.While the RAF were busy fighting the Germans in the skies, Britains Prime Minister Winston Churchill was equally active in rallying Great Britain behind their courageous Royal Air Force. Churchills skills as an orator and motivator undoubtedly played a part in Britains victory. Although Hitler could be equally charismatic, he showed very forgetful interest in the Battle, deferring responsibilities to Goering while he focused on Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the USSR23. Churchill wrote in his memoirs Their Finest Hour how he cannot speak too highly of the loyalty of Mr Chamberlain, or of the resolution and ef ficiency of all of my Cabinet colleagues, and yet Churchill himself was constantly visiting various Group stations and Fighter Command, asking for updates and estimates of progress24. A notable example of this was Churchills arrival at 11 Groups Headquarters in Uxbridge on the fifteenth of September, and remained in the Group Operations elbow room with Air Vice-Marshal Park for most of the battles duration25. In addition to this, Churchills address to the House of Commons on the 18th of June famously spoke of Britains finest hour and of how never has so much in the field of conflict been owed by so many to so few. These speeches helped to boost the morale not only of the public, but more importantly that of the overworked RAF pilots26.Moreover, Britain also benefited from the intelligence it received. During the Battle, both sides overestimated the enemys losses while underestimating their own, partly to increase morale, but also due to the chaotic circumstances that do it extrem ely difficult to gather reliable intelligence. According to Stephen Bungay, Britain also overestimated the overall force play of the enemy force, judging Luftwaffe front line strength to exceed 5000 when in humanity there were around 3000 German aircraft with 900 reserves. This discouraged an all out Big Wing assault, which would have negated Britains advantages and caused careless losses27. Furthermore, by the time of the Battle the British were able to decode German messages using their Enigma machine although some historians argue that Fighter Command was unaware of the Enigma breakthrough until as late as October28. The RAF were also aided by a branch of the observer corps known as Y Service, which yielded unprecedented results simply by sense of hearing in to various German radio frequencies29. These aspects of the RAFs intelligence network compounded by the Dowding early warning system ensured that the RAF were alerted of the Luftwaffes moves as much as possible.The many ad vantages that the RAF both inherently began with and later cultivated enabled them to put up a strong defence, resulting in the Luftwaffe coming off worse in some every exchange. In a stark contrast to the Luftwaffe, the RAF prospered under an efficient system of intelligence, tactical adaptability and reliable leadership. There can be no doubt that these were important contributors to their victory, to a extra extent.The Luftwaffes responsibility for the resultHitler commanded his Luftwaffe to maintain air superiority over the Channel and Island.30While the Luftwaffe outnumbered the RAF, an important point to note is that of the 3000 aircraft sent to Britain, only 1200 of those were fighters, while the 1800 bombers were far more vulnerable against the Hurricanes and Spitfires31.One of the most costly failures of the Luftwaffe was their wayward tactics and strategy. This was explicitly demonstrated in the inexplicable suspension in the offensive between the British evacuations of Dunkirk on the 4th of June and the final launch Operation Eagle Attack (the codename of the assault) on the 13th of August32. During this period, both sides were able to replace their losses after the Battle of France, however since Britains production was much higher than Germanys, the Luftwaffe effectively weakened their position by waiting. Moreover, the minor sporadic raids conducted by German aircraft gave Britain a chance to test and perfect the Dowding system33. Additionally, this delay was compounded by a lack of focus in the German plan of attack the Luftwaffe was attempting to attack merchant convoys on the Channel, British airfields and radar stations in the South as well as fighting a war of attrition by engaging RAF airplanes. The overall result of these endeavours was that while there was some success in each of these objectives, it was very limited34. No targets were actually crippled beyond repair, especially since Hermann Goering considered attacking the radar sta tions a waste of time and resources, a clear display of ignorance that made the system all the more effective for the RAF.Perhaps the single most detrimental decision made by the Luftwaffe was the decision to switch bombing targets from the RAF airfields to the British cities. Many historians have attributed this to an accidental German bomb dropped on London, which prompted retaliation against Berlin, thus enraging Hitler to the point of ordering the destruction of London35. This proved to be a turning point in the Battle for a number of reasons. Firstly, it gave the RAF much-needed breathing space to repair airfields, train new pilots and deploy them. Secondly, Fighter Command could now organize its groups around London and concentrate its forces, instead of having to stretch them across the south coast. Thirdly, in London air raid shelters had already been constructed throughout London which somewhat limited civilian casualties, as the attacks on the countryside were abandoned36. A further point is that the journey to London took the German fighters and bombers, who were operating out of Normandy and Belgium, to the limit of their fuel capacity, offering them mere minutes of flight time over the city. Ironically, even Goering seemed to immediately realize this, commenting its stupid to drop bombs on cities.37While the orthodox views confidently identify this as the saviour of the RAF, revisionists have argued that although it gave Fighter Command some breathing space it was an inevitable tactic given that the bombers damage to the airfields was limited38. Although there is disagreement over the extent to which this affected the outcome of the Battle, it was a factor that cannot be ignored this respite was complemented by the RAFs high fighter production that allowed them to recoup their losses quickly.While Great Britain was able to rely on Churchill and Dowding to bolster their resolve and devise effective strategies, the Luftwaffe deteriorated under the c ommand of Adolf Hitler and Hermann Goering. Not only did Hitler overestimate the Luftwaffes capabilities as an attack force by expecting them to singlehandedly eliminate British defences, he made matters worse by ordering the Luftwaffe to bomb London, stringently as a result of his political outrage over the raid on Berlin. Churchill publicly denounced Hitlers inability to grasp aerial warfare, Herr Hitler is using up his fighter force39. Goering on the other hand did not actively coordinate his forces as his British counterpart Dowding did, nor did he make any effort to motivate his pilots as German ace Adolf Galland claims, he went about it the wrong way40. However, being a contemporary German source, it is important to note that a pilot like Galland would prefer to blame the strategy of his officers for the defeat rather than the performance of pilots such as himself. As the tide of the Battle began to turn, the leadership flaws were expose and this made the Luftwaffe even more impotent, which proved to be a necessary component of the RAFs success.Another aspect of the Luftwaffes failure was their unsuitability as a force for the task that was put to them. This view is supported by many revisionists, who investigated German records after the war and came to the conclusion that the Luftwaffe was a support force, designed to aid the Wehrmacht (Army) by bombing key targets ahead of the armoured advance on the ground41. The only Air Force the Luftwaffe had to contend with prior to the Battle of France was the Polish Air Force, who fought valiantly but ultimately had too few planes, all of which were also obsolete42. Furthermore, despite Goerings confidence that he could destroy the RAF, the Luftwaffes planes were unsuited to the task. While the Bf 109 could outflank a Spitfire at high altitudes, it was limited both by a low fuel capacity, and the fact that it had to protect the low flying Ju 87 dive-bombers43. By 1940 Germany had not yet developed long-range heavy bombers, since Goering believed that dive-bombers were sufficient for any assault. While the Ju 87s and 88s were accurate, they were unable to defend themselves against Hurricanes and Spitfires, which allowed the RAF to pick them off with ease once their fighter escorts had been dealt with. This became a huge problem when the Luftwaffe began bombing London, which was even further north, as the Bf 109s only had an effective range of 125 miles44. This problem was highlighted on August 15th 1940, when 30 German bombers were shot down at the cost of two Hurricanes, which also demonstrated that in daylight, the German aircraft were even more vulnerable45. Furthermore, Keegan believes that because the Luftwaffe had more bombers than fighters, their fighter strength was insignificantly greater than the RAF condemning their operation from the beginning. Clearly, the Luftwaffe was completely unprepared for their operation, and in the war of attrition they came off worse as a result.Ma ny of the tactical errors made by Goering were based on faulty intelligence received, and this was responsible for much of the self-inflicted damage. Firstly, in the Air Intelligence Departments report, the Dowding system was labelled as rigid and inflexible, and this was partly the reason that Goering dismissed the radar stations as insignificant targets. This was undoubtedly a costly mishap the radar eliminated the Luftwaffes much-needed element of surprise and there were only six proper attacks against the radar stations during the course of the Battle46. Not only was Britains overall fighter strength underestimated, but fighter production itself was also underestimated, with intelligence estimating 230 planes a day while the reality was well over 40047. The intelligence department suffered from managerial deficiencies there were several different agencies attempting to curry favour by providing positive (and false) reports, which would even conflict with each other at times. Go ering received a report that the Bf 110 could hold its own against the Hurricane, which complicated battle tactics later when the reality emerged and the Bf 110 squadrons had to be reinforced with the superior Bf 109s48. This was a key flaw that separated the Luftwaffe from the RAF, and this allowed the RAF to maximise the useful implementation of their intelligence without facing effective retaliation.In addition, while Britain may have benefited from overestimating German losses by boosting morale, the same did not apply to the Luftwaffe. The overestimation of RAF losses bred complacency, and Goering was often made to look foolish by confidently asserting that the RAF would be destroyed within the week only to have the Battle continue to drag on49. At one point Goering was under the impression that the RAF only had 100 operational fighters, while the reality was more than 70050. The bad estimates of numbers, the underestimation of radar and the overestimation of German fighter cap ability all created an atmosphere of arrogance and complacency, which proved detrimental to the Luftwaffe.Although the Luftwaffe should have prevailed through sheer force of numbers, it was constantly let down by unfocused strategy, distracted leadership and incorrect intelligence. Also, the overconfidence of Goering ensured that crucial problems were not rectify in time, and this created a sluggishness that was uncharacteristic of the nation that had Blitzkreiged across Western Europe, and unacceptable given the circumstances of the Battle.ConclusionThere is a great deal of sound evidence and judgement on both sides of the argument. It would have been unfair to entirely discount the orthodox view in favour of the revisionist. After all, the RAF was fighting on friendly territory, their early warning system eliminated the German element of surprise, they were highly motivated by their leaders and any tactics which may have initially been obsolete were quickly adapted, turning the RA F into one of the best Air Forces of World War Two and certainly one of the most experienced. Additionally, a high rate of fighter production supported by civilian initiatives enabled the RAF to maintain and expand its front-line strength over the course of the Battle. The Luftwaffe, meanwhile, benefited from superior numbers and experienced personnel.However, the Luftwaffe were more suited to providing support for the Army, rather than engaging another air force, as indicated by their large quantities of outdated and unsuitable bombers. During the Battle, the Luftwaffe suffered a number of setbacks, as a result of their lax leadership, meandering strategy, and faulty intelligence from sycophantic and competitive agencies. The most debilitating demonstration of this was the decision to switch bombing targets from airfields and other force installations to British cities, allowing the RAF time to recover and replace their losses, while accomplishing very little instead. Although the RAF put up an excellent defence, the objective that the Luftwaffe were assigned, to pave the way for the invasion force and weaken or destroy the RAF should have been possible based on their numerical superiority certainly prior to the Battle there was very little hope for Britain.Furthermore, it is important to understand that rather than two separate developments of the Battle, the German mistakes and British successes

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What Came origin the chicken or the egg? For centuries man has struggled with the question of our origin. Why are there so umpteen distinctions in the creatures that inhabit this planet. Why are structures similar in a bird, a whale, a bat, and a human being creatures that attend to select no relation to one another. Although several theories have sprouted from different great thinkers of many cultures in many diverse parts of the world all of the theories seem to center around two main points divinity vs chance or for a more famous colloquialism Evolution Vs Creation. Once complete this stem should allow the reader to see not only the folly and boldness of evolution in the face of so many discrepancies, but also the foreshorten irrefutable beauty of creation in all of its complex simplicityIn the beginning God Created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, immorality was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the water s. And God said Let there be light and there was light Genesis 11-3 NIVThe bible, one of the oldest pieces of written history that follows an entire civilization for over 4000 years not only gives fascinating tales of mystery, intrigue, wars, famines, loves and loses also gives a very specific eyeshade of the origin of man and indeed all life on this planet as well as in the universe. The simplicity of the verses tells us that the big eructation was possible, with divine help, it gives no more than God said it and it was so which would agree with the abrupt abitrary eruption of the solar system that scientist describe. This insight allows us to delve steady deeper into the awesome power of Gods word. Here in the beginning we see how just the word can form solar system, delving even deeper we catch a glimpse of what that means for us as human beings and our origin. Classical evolutionary theory teaches that creatures change from one thing into another. For instance, amoebas change s from one celled creatures to multi celled creatures over time. Genesis in the first chapter tells us that things must reproduce each according to its kind. Recorded history and fossil records should support one of the theories. Evolutionist claim that it supports theirs however noted paleotologist have even noticed the apparent gaps in the record showing that there is a missing link.

Developing and Learning - Piagets and Vygotskys Theories Essay

Introduction.In this assignment the source will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. To begin, the writer will talk of Piagets theory of cognitive development, followed by Vygotskys theory of cognitive development. The writer will then discuss any implications of Piagets and Vygotskys models for teaching and learning in the school years. In order to do this she will compare the two theories and look at any relevant evidence and research. After comparing both theories of cognitive development, the writer will do a brief summary of the two theories. Concluding her findings and how the two theories contrast each other. Piagets Theory.Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) looked at how children reason and think. He looked at whether children see and make sense of the world in the same way that adults do. Piagets theory explores how childrens thought processes change with development.Piagets theory identifies four developmental stages which are sensori-motor stage, preoperatio nal stage, concrete operations and formal operations (Smith, Cowie, Blades. 2011 P.392). He believed that childrens thought processes develop as they progress through these developmental stages. During the first stage, sensori-motor, which occurs from birth to around two years, a child, just deals with what is presented to them. Everything revolves around any direct experiences. During this developmental stage, children learn the concept of object permanence (Smith, Cowie, Blades. 2011 P.395). This is where an object continues to exist even if it is out of the child?s sight. According to Piaget?s theory, it would seem that infants need to be aware of object permanence before language or symbolic communication is possible.Th... ...ories, as she feels it is serious to her role as a teaching assistant and finds it interesting how individual?s learn in different ways.Works CitedLefrancois, G.R. (2006). Theories of Human Learning. Belmont, CA Thomson high Education. Peter K. Smith, Helen Cowie, Mark Blades. (2011) Understanding Childrens Development Wiley-Blackwell 5 edition. Raymond, E. (2000). Cognitive Characteristics. Learners with Mild Disabilities (pp. 169201). Needham Heights, MA Allyn & Bacon, A Pearson Education Company.Slavin, R.E. (2005). Educational psychology theory and practice. Needham Heights, MA Allyn and Bacon.Wood, K.C. (2008). Piagets Stages. plane section of Educational Psychology and Instrutional Technology, University of Georgia Web. 27 May 2015. http//projects.coe.uga.edu/eplt /index.php?title=Piaget%27s_StagesEducational_Implications