Beka Lamb by Zee Edgell Essay -- Four Pillars Zee Edgell Essays Papers

Beka Lamb by Zee Edgell The four pillars of spirit sentence implicate staying binded, motion, nutrition and reduction of stress. In the novel, Beka Lamb, by Zee Edgell, these pillars argon examined. A novel intimately the upbringing and changes a young girl goes through. She makes some mis turn backs throughout her life but she soon realizes that she needs to alter her ways. With the help of a close friend, considered to be like a sister, she is able to look at life differently. Their friendship helps them to transform.Beka is a young teenager, going through a tough time in her life. Her parents had enrolled her in a Catholic school in coiffe to give her a best education. They want her to strive to be the best that she can. While at school, Beka became lazy and ended up failing her first course at the school. Aside from being a poor student, Beka is besides a liar. Rather than telling her parents the truth, she lies and as a result, takes a beating from her father. Her best f riend, Toycie, tries to acquit Beka onto the right path. Toycie is a few years older than her friend. She is now in fourth form at the Catholic school. As a child, she was abandoned by her parents and left to be worryd for by her Aunt Eila. Characterized by her Aunt as a Queen, Toycie is almost the complete opposite of Beka. She is beautiful and studious. The quality that links them unneurotic is their ability to find themselves in bad situations. Their friendship had developed at a young age and has grown into a sisterhood. As a job, Toycie took care of Beka and her brothers. From there, the two shared many secrets. Being each others confidant, they spent a lot of time together. They would go on walks and share their thoughts or ambitions with one another. They besides had a system of checks and balances. When Beka was in trouble at school, Toycie offered to help her with her studies. She also urged Beka to be truthful with her parents. In return, Beka tried to persuade Toycie to find help when she became pregnant. Beka was also there for her when her boyfriend refused to accept the baby as his own. In Toycies hardest times, Beka was always around, trying to help. Because of their strong friendship, Beka wanted to be her shoulder to lean on. In the first few months of her pregnancy, Toycie became very nauseous. While at school, she was vomiting everywhere and Beka would run to h... ...aditions of its mother country. Tea time offered a time for people to connect with others. It was a time where families could get together and bond. As mentioned before, women of the house joined together in the kitchen when preparing the snack. Motion plays it part when the family is together and talking. Their minds are consistently wretched as they discuss their thoughts. Also, Beka and Toycie usually took their long walks after tea. Obviously, the pillar of nutrition was fulfilled when the family has tea and treats. Lastly, the family was able to relax when sitting dow n for tea. They were able to take some time out of their day to unwind. Beka Lamb is a good example for the four pillars of life. The different aspects are displayed in Bekas actions and beliefs. She is full of life and without these pillars she would not be able to get as far as she has. Still in her first form, Beka still has a lot to learn about herself and others. Everything happens for a reason and Beka has learned that her actions do have consequences. Although all consequences may not be good ones, she still has the basic foundations in life which are found in herself, her family and her friends.

The Storm: An Inner Reflection Essays -- Emotions Psychology Essays

The Storm An Inner ReflectionMemories are all we fuddle sometimes, but what if memories bring out unwished feelings? In Romesh Gunesekeras short base Ranvali, a young lady goes back to her fathers old holiday bungalow and begins to discover new feelings toward her beloved Communist father. The story is set in an idyllic bungalow in Ranvali, by the coast of India. Theorists such as Roland Barthes would argue that setting in modern narratives no overnight need meaning they simply are that is their meaning. (qtd in Chatman 145). However, in Ranvali, the storm that besieges the bungalow while the young lady is there clearly mimics her thoughts and gives the reader a greater sense of the familiar turmoil that she must be going through. It can thus be shown that the storm is an essential part of the setting that Gunesekera uses to extract certain feelings in the readers of Ranvali.In the story, the storm mimics the narrators inner turmoil at discovering new feelings about her father. But is the storm part of setting? Chatman makes a musical note between existents - characters and setting. For Chatman, setting sets the character off it is the place and collection of objects against which his actions and passions appropriately protrude (Chatman 134). The storm is part of the description of the place where the story unfolds. The memories of the narrators father, which may be considered the actions and passions within the story, emerge before and after the occurrence of the storm. The storm is thus part of the background to which the events in Ranvali occur. Chatman also gives three criteria for being a character - presence, being named and splendor (Chatman 139). The storm in Ranvali is clearly not explicitly... ...der is given a definite analogy to how she might be feeling. Gunesekeras use of this narrative device as distant to using the narrator to describe her emotions makes the reader sympathetic to the narrators plight in an almost unconscious way. Althou gh the storm is part of the setting, it subconsciously draws a connection to the narrators inner thoughts. The reader thus can imagine that a storm rages within her mind, with thoughts about her fathers idealism conflicting with her love for him. Without this narrative device of the storm, the story would have been much impoverished, as the final effect of Ranvali would have been much reduced. Works CitedChatman, Seymour, Existents Story and Discourse Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca Cornell UP, 1978. 131-145. Gunesekera, Romesh. Ranvali. Monkfish Moon. capital of the United Kingdom Granta, 1992 89-102.

Metamorphis: Relating to Personal Incident :: essays papers

Metamorphis Relating to Personal IncidentTwenty comminuteds had past since I was unsex on to the table to dry. I didnot want to dwell upon my fears which were inevitable to occur, so I coulddo nothing but observe all the minute details that were once so trivialand overlooked but now seemed to be of such great importance. The firstthing to catch my eye was the fervor in the room, I was not sure if thelights were set to be dim or if it was from all the clouds of exhaled smokewhich also left a distinct smell out of the burnt herb. To my left I saw themany burnt out roaches in the ash tray, which at this point could holdnothing more. To the far objurgate I saw a sandwich bag which was now packedwith nothing but broken branches and seeds. It was obvious what used tobe inside. I looked toward the doorstep and saw the towel that plugged it sono smoke would get out in the hall. On the dresser I saw what I forecast theycalled a steam roller. The most horrid device that I had ever used. I lookedat the cylindrical tube, that once used to be a vaporish red but nowhad become a solid maroon from all the smoke which stained the plastic,and noticed its simplicity. It looks like nothing more than a plastic pipethat was only about one and a half inches in diameter and only about sixinches long. The bowl which rested on top could have been easily assembledat a hardware store. It amazes me how something could be so simple butstill so destructive. One of the people in the room slowly approached meas the effects of his artificial happiness wore away. His trembling handssomehow managed to embrace me by my head and lay me to rest upon his humblelip. Before his upper lip came to rest upon the top of my head I openedmy eyes and peered into his mouth using what little light I had. In allmy like I had never thought I would again see what I had saw for thosefew seconds. His tongue was stained black. It was not tout ensemble black asif it was coated with tar but it had a slight ti nt on both the sides, almostpurple. Just as I started to win what I was seeing and what was goingon I felt his top lip seal my freedom away.

The Role Of Prejudice In The Merchant Of Venice :: The Merchant Of Venice

The Role of Prejudice In The Merchant of VeniceThis paper discusses the subject of prejudice in the William Shakespeareplay, The Merchant of Venice.I. IntroductionWilliam Shakespeares satirical comedy, The Merchant of Venice, believedto keep up been written in 1596 was an examination of hatred and greed. The premisedeals with the antagonistic relationship between Shylock, a Judaic m maviny-lenderand Antonio, the Christian merchant, who is as generous as Shylock is greedy,particularly with his friend, Bassanio. The two have ce mented a history ofpersonal insults, and Shylocks loathing of Antonio intensifies when Antoniorefuses to collect interest on loans. Bassanio wishes to borrow 3,000 ducats fromAntonio so that he may journey to Belmont and ask the beautiful and wealthyPortia to marry him.Antonio borrows the money from Shylock, and knowing he willsoon have several ships in port, agrees to part with a pound of flesh if theloan is not repaid within three months. Shylocks abhorrence of Antonio isfurther fueled by his miss Jessicas elopement with Lorenzo, another friendof Antonios.Meanwhile, at Belmont, Portia is being butterflyed by Bassanio, and weddingplans continue when, in accordance with her fathers will, Bassanio is asked tochoose from three caskets -- one gold, one silver and one lead.Bassaniocorrectly selects the lead casket that contains Portias picture.The couplesjoy is short-lived, however, when Bassanio receives a letter from Antonio,informing him of the loss of his ships and of Shylocks determination to carryout the terms of the loan.Bassanio and Portia marry, as do his friend, Gratianoand Portias maid, Nerissa.The men return to Venice, but are unable to assist Antonio in court.Indesperation, Portia disguises herself as a lawyer and arrives in Venice with herclerk (Nerissa) to argue the case.She reminds Shylock that he trick only collectthe flesh that the agreement calls for, and that if any blood is shed, hisproperty will be confiscated.At thi s point, Shylock agrees to accept the moneyinstead of the flesh, but the court punishes him for his greed by forcing him tobecome a Christian and turn over half of his property to his estranged daughter,Jessica.II.BodyPrejudice is a dominant theme in The Merchant of Venice, most notablytaking the form of anti-semitism.Shylock is stereotypically described ascostumed in a recognizably Jewish way in a long gown of gabardine, probablyblack, with a red beard and/or wing like that of Judas, and a hooked putty noseor nursing bottle nose (Charney, p. 41). Shylock is a defensive character becausesociety is constantly reminding him he is different in religion, looks, andmotivation.He finds solace in the law because he, himself, is an outcast of

The Controversy of Abortion Essay example -- Abortion Pregnancy Medica

The Controversy of Abortion In three weeks, Jennifer will leave for college. She broke up with herboyfriend two weeks ago, and today she assemble out she was pregnant. Should Jennifer have an abortion, or stop all her plans and have a babyat eighteen? Either way the decision is hers to make. On January 22,1973 the line decision of Roe vs. Wade occurring in the SupremeCourt made abortion a constitutional liberty (Francome 20). Legally,Jennifer can receive an abortion. Socially, however, she will gestatemany more obstacles. Fighting for hostels acceptanceIn todays American society, view top dogs on certain topics oftenconflict with what individuals believe is right. This is very evidentin the air for acceptance of abortions among college students. However, with the rise of the anti-abortion movement this procedure hasbecome less accepted and harder to obtain. Should abortions amongcollege students be more widely accepted in society? According to aPlanned Parenthood study done in 1 997, forty portion of seventeen yearolds will become pregnant before their twenty-fifth birthday. Thisstatistic is nowadays targeted at college age females. The answer isfar from being strictly a black and white issue, but my own viewpoint isyes abortions should be accepted among society for many reasons. Thecontroversial issue of abortion has many intertwining, surroundingcomplications. Such an issue is never concrete, in America, about 20% of Americans thoroughly oppose abortions, 20%thoroughly favor abortions, while a vast majority are muddled in themiddle (Pojman and Beckwith 59). As with any pregnancy on that point areimpending risks come to and many extenuating circumstances that justifyan abortion. In a perfect world, abortions are not the best way toprevent unwanted pregnancies, but there are many bumps in the road,keeping the United States from being perfect. Defining Life?The main question facing society is the definition of a fetus point ofliving. Pro-Lifers believe t hat, a fertilized embryo is the foundationfor a living human being (National College Students for Life). Incontrast, pro-choicers argue that a human being is something moreconcrete with its own thought processes and consciousness. Petcheskyargues, the fetus is only a potential human being, and we confuseactual with potent... ...roblem with accepting abortion is the lack of facilitiesthat perform abortions. Only xiii percent of abortions areperformed within hospitals (Landes 64). The rest are performed outsideof hospitals in clinics. The Alan Guttmacher Institute surveyed and found only 2,680 abortion clinics in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of the clinics are only in metropolitan areas whereninety-eight percent of abortions are performed (Landes 64). Ruralcounties that contain colleges or universities do not have such handiness to facilities that perform abortions. The AGI discoveredthat eighty-three percent of rural counties did not have clinics. Limited facilities that perform clinics poses a dilemma for collegestudents that may not have dose or time, to travel tometropolitan areas. However, if colleges installed on-campus abortionclinics with certified doctors and psychologists, for counselingpurposes, this problem could be corrected. With on-campus abortionclinics, it would show the university to be more accepting andunderstanding of college students deal for such medical facilities, andtherefore, society as a whole may be more accepting.

The Controversy of Abortion Essay example -- Abortion Pregnancy Medica

The Controversy of Abortion In three weeks, Jennifer bequeath leave for college. She stone-broke up with herboyfriend two weeks ago, and today she found out she was pregnant. Should Jennifer have an abortion, or stop all her plans and have a babyat eighteen? Either way the decision is hers to make. On January 22,1973 the landmark decision of Roe vs. Wade occurring in the SupremeCourt made abortion a underlying liberty (Francome 20). Legally,Jennifer can receive an abortion. Socially, however, she will endurem each more obstacles. Fighting for societys acceptanceIn todays American society, viewpoints on certain topics often date with what individuals believe is right. This is very evidentin the argument for acceptance of abortions among college students. However, with the rise of the anti-abortion movement this procedure hasbecome less accepted and harder to obtain. Should abortions amongcollege students be more wide accepted in society? According to aPlanned Parenthood study done in 1997, forty percent of seventeen yearolds will become pregnant before their twenty-fifth birthday. Thisstatistic is directly targeted at college age females. The answer isfar from being strictly a black and white issue, wholly my own viewpoint isyes abortions should be accepted among society for many reasons. Thecontroversial issue of abortion has many intertwining, surroundingcomplications. Such an issue is never concrete, in America, about 20% of Americans thoroughly oppose abortions, 20%thoroughly favor abortions, while a vast majority are muddled in themiddle (Pojman and Beckwith 59). As with any pregnancy there areimpending risks involved and many extenuating circumstances that justifyan abortion. In a perfect world, abortions are not the surpass way toprevent unwanted pregnancies, but there are many bumps in the road,keeping the United States from being perfect. Defining Life?The main dubiety facing society is the definition of a fetus point ofliving. Pro-Lifers believe that, a fertilized embryo is the foundationfor a living human being (National College Students for Life). Incontrast, pro-choicers order of battle that a human being is something moreconcrete with its own thought processes and consciousness. Petcheskyargues, the fetus is only a potential human being, and we confuseactual with potent... ...roblem with judge abortion is the lack of facilitiesthat perform abortions. Only thirteen percent of abortions areperformed within hospitals (Landes 64). The rest are performed outsideof hospitals in clinics. The Alan Guttmacher Institute surveyed and found only 2,680 abortion clinics in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of the clinics are only in metropolitan areas whereninety-eight percent of abortions are performed (Landes 64). Ruralcounties that contain colleges or universities do not have suchaccessibility to facilities that perform abortions. The AGI discoveredthat eighty-three percent of rural counties did not have clinics. Limite d facilities that perform clinics poses a dilemma for collegestudents that may not have transportation or time, to travel tometropolitan areas. However, if colleges installed on-campus abortionclinics with certified doctors and psychologists, for counselingpurposes, this problem could be corrected. With on-campus abortionclinics, it would show the university to be more accepting andunderstanding of college students need for such medical facilities, andtherefore, society as a whole may be more accepting.

Outliers Book Review

Francisco Ayala May 9, 2012 English 101 Outliers Malcolm Gladwell is a speaker, bestselling author, and Canadian journalist. He is a writer for the New Yorker since 1996. Gladwell has four New York measure bestseller books he has written. Among one of those books is Outliers The story of success (2008). Outlier, a nonfiction book, had to do with complaisant psychology. Outlier is about the success of people who do not fit into our familiar understanding of achievement. Gladwell points out that many people could be giving the same opportunity but it all comes down to early opportunity and privileged social standing are what really makes an Outlier.Gladwell does a really good job on breaking down the story of success of roughly Outliers. He goes in detail in how some Canadian hockey players make it rich person it easier than others, how Bill Gates is who he is today and the genius Christopher Largan failure to become an Outlier. In Outliers, Gladwell wants to convince the transl ateer that people siret just rise from nothing to be successful. Success comes from parentage and patronage. It also comes down to when and where you grew up. First example Gladwell gives is explaining how some Canadian hockey players become separate than others.Gladwell research shows theres an uneven number of elite Canadian hockey players. Players that are born in the starting line few months, January, February and March, of the calendar are more likely to be successful than those born in the last month of the year. Statistics showed players born in January, February, and March are most likely to be in the hockey traveling team. The reason for this was because in Canada, the eligibility cut-off for age class hockey is January 1. Someone born in January 2 has bigger physical maturity than someone born in November.Those with bigger maturity get chosen to join the elite team. They get provided with better coaching, better teammates and more games than those who were left behind. It is why most likely they are able to make into professional leagues. I can relate to Gladwell research as I used to play in soccer leagues. The cut-off date was also January 1. I did notice a difference of physical maturity I was born in April, than those born in the last three months. It was easy to outrun the shorter people and it was the shorter people who were always sitting on the bench.Another Outlier Gladwell uses as an example is Bill Gates. preteen Bill Gates was a really good mathematician. Gates was headed to a highly intelligent, driven, and successful professional career. But what change his path into not but being successful in life but also making him a billionaire was Bill Gates was given a unique opportunity that no one was given to at that clock. He had the privilege to be the only one to be able to use the High School com amazeers as much(prenominal) as he wanted after cultivate, even overnight. It is there where he practiced programming and achieved the 10 ,000 hour rule.The 10,000 hour rule is the require amount of time a person must practice in order to succeed. Personally, I agreed with this 10,000 miles net tone as I know someone who put ton amount of hours in his profession. At the age of ten, a teammate of the soccer team I used to play in used to stayed an extra 2 hours playing soccer after soccer practice was over. Practice was three hours along. That was a total of five hours a day of playing soccer. This was his routine for at least five times a week for the next nine years. He passed the 10,000 hour rule by age eighteen.At age twenty, he got write to professional soccer team New York Red Bulls. Gladwell also uses Christopher Largan as an example. Largan is considered by many the smartest man in America. He has an IQ of one-ninety five. With a high IQ than Einstein, everyone automatically thinks he is overtaking to be successful in life. Largan does not become an Outlier. One reason for that is Largan did not have anyone in his life. His become was not there to support him. There was no opportunity for him to demonstrate his talent. Gladwell compares Lohan to Oppenheimer, the creator of the atomic bomb.Oppenheimer came from a wealthy neighborhood. His father was a line of reasoning man. Oppenheimer had better opportunities to develop his intelligence than the opportunities Largan had. Largan came from a poor neighborhood and his mother was always working. Another difference between the two was Oppenheimer had practical intelligence and Largan didnt. virtual(a) Intelligence is knowing what to say to whom, knowing when to say it, and knowing when to say it, and knowing how to say it for maximum effect (101). Oppenheimer tried to poison one of his tutors.He was going to get kicked out of the University but he managed to get away with it because Oppenheimer had practical intelligence. Oppenheimer got these skills when he was child from his wealthy parents. He got away with attempting murder and jus t got direct to a psychiatrist in London. In the other hand Largan had to drop out of school because his mother didnt sign his financial scholarship on time, then he lost the scholarship. When he tried to talk to the dean, Largan wasnt able to convince the dean to let him keep his scholarship.Largan lack of practical intelligence he never got by his parents. It leaves me wondering what if Largan came from a wealthy neighborhood and his father was a business man. Would he have being bigger than Albert Einstein? What if Oppenheimer was raised in a poor neighborhood? He wouldve most likely end up in jail for trying to murder his tutor. Practical intelligence is something some persons have and should appreciate it. My brother always talks his way out of a ticket most of time when he gets pull over by police.On the other hand, I always get the ticket whenever I get pulled over by the police officer. I get very nervous and dont know what to say while my brother always comes up with a un ique excuse and they let him off the hook. Outliers has made me realize in order to be successful, one has to have luck on their side. I could be the smartest man in the world, but if I dont have the proper background to succeed I wont be able be successful. People who have being successful have had a unique opportunity in their life.Some of them were born at a time that was for their advantage. It makes me think if my birth year has any luck store for me in the future. I will recommend this book to people because it has some material in it that caught my attention. The 10,000 hour rule is what really got my attention. Seeing how The Beatles became successful after passing the 10,000 hours motivates me to put in hard work to what my goal is. What also caught my attention is how we have different perspective about school than what Asian think.Americans think if we go to school for a long time, we going to fatigue the brain and therefore not learn. That is the reason why we get a lot of vacation time. The Asian corporation makes their students go to school most of the year for at least eight hours. It is why they are mostly highly knowledgeable than most Americans. If people read what the Asians do in order to be highly intelligent, it could perhaps make them want to spend more time in school. Work Cited Outliers (Malcolm Gladwell). Weblog post. A ocean Change. 10 Feb. 2011. Web. 09 May 2012. .

Abusive Relationships: Why Stay in the Relationship and What Determines Leaving Essay

It is often asked why a cleaning lady doesnt leave an ignominious relationship. parliamentary law tends to assume that the decision is as simple as a normal break-up, if not easier because there is an obvious reason to leave. But there are umteen factors involved into the relationship and more things to consider when making the decision to stay or to leave. In abusive relationships, what determines staying and what determines leave? It is estimated that annually 3 million occurrences of home(prenominal) violence occur and that one in four women will become a victim of very much(prenominal) violence.Of those victims, more than four people are killed occasional as a result of domestic violence (DVRC). With abuse possibly escalating to a point of death, why would a spouse stay in a relationship? Conclusions feel been drawn as to why a charwoman might stay in the relationship, including internal and external resources. The external resources would include such things as an inco me, social incarnate, housing etc. Internal resources would include a persons self-esteem, moral health status, whether they suffer from depression or anxiety.Pamela excerpt and Leanne Lamke stated that different theories needed to be taken into consideration when observing a womens decision to stay or leave. The theories included learned helplessness, psychological entrapment, the investment model and healthy action or planned behavior. Learned helpless is a situation where the victim feels she had no other options, that not publication what she does the situation will remain the same. Psychological entrapment is where a women tries to make the relationship a nonviolent one, but instead the violence continues causing her to feel that she should have tried harder.This situation often leaves the woman feeling that a nonviolent relationship is attainable and questioning if it is worth the investment, and if so, she then feels that there is too much invested thus far to leave, in turn causing the feelings of entrapment. The investment model determines whether maintaining the current relationship is worthwhile, is she better off to leave and is she satisfied in the relationship. Finally, the reasoned action model is where a women is able to determine if she is able to actually leave, is it within her control and is it more beneficial for her to leave than to stay in the relationship. outdoor(a) forces also contribute to a womans decision to leave. Establishing employment, housing and other essential tasks also become extremely difficult during the separation from an abusive partner (Bell 2007). With such struggles, within two months 60% of women end up returning to their partners (Bell 2007). In Carlson and McNutts study observing partner abuse and mental health, they looked at the womens personal history of abuse. Whether or not she been exposed to violence as a child or as an adult. Also the cause the abuse has on a womens mental health including depressio n, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder.They show that many battered women had low levels of social support which in turn lead to higher levels of depression and more difficulty with problem solving. In a self-evaluation, many of the participants reported higher levels of symptoms for anxiety and depression (Carlson 2002). Women in an abused relationship tend to have a certain level of dependency upon their partner, causing them to feel trapped. Women who are more likely to be economically dependent and unemployed (especially with children) are at a higher risk of being in an abusive relationship (Bostock 2008).Bostock et. al studied what reasons were involved in a woman decision to stay in a harmful relationship. They investigated twelve women from rural Northern New England between the ages of 21 and 56, on confused aspects of the relationship. Theses aspects included how the abuse began, the ways of abusing, the impact of the abuse, what factors contributed to recognizing the abuse as intolerable and what helped in gaining independence. They reason that a womens reason for stay was fear of the abuser, a feeling of commitment to the relationship and insufficient funds or resources.To help leave the relationship the women studied pulled upon their sense of hope, humor and spirituality and reclaiming their identity (Bostock 2008). In 1976 Richard Gelles studied abused wives and why they stay. In his article he stated that women do not break off a relationship for a turn of reasons including negative self-esteem, the belief the husband will reform, economic hardship, difficulty of employment, surviving alone, the childrens wellbeing (economically) and the stigma with divorce.He also discovered that a woman would be more likely to stay in an abusive relationship if she had been exposed to abuse as a child, growing up with idea that it is allowed for a man to hit his wife. Another contributing factor to a womens decision to stay is a lack of outside resour ces, not seeing many alternatives to the current situation. If the abuse is inconstant and not considered severe, then she will remain with the spouse (Gelles 1976). The decision to leave an abusive relationship was studied by Michael Strube in 1984, and his work was cited through many other journals.The population consisted of 251 women of low to middle income, varying in age from 17 to 69 to have been exposed to mince of life threatening violence. Of the 251 women, 177 had decided to leave the abusive partner and those who stayed reported doing so because of love-the abuser promised changing behavior, economic hardship or lack of resources. Strube concluded that a woman was more likely to remain with the abuser if the violence was considered less frequent and less severe. Also, if the woman was exposed to violent models as a child she was more likely to remain as opposed to women who had not.But women who had previously been in an abusive relationship were less likely to remain i n another relationship, because they had developed intolerance to the abuse. Strube also found that women with fewer resources, such as economic and social support were less likely to leave. Studies have found though that ending a relationship does not end the abuse, violence is often high is situations where the women is separate from the abuser as opposed to if she was involved in a relationship. Another factor involved is how the separation occurred rather than whether or not the separation occurred (Bell 2007).The decision to leave a relationship is difficult it becomes more and more difficult when the partner is violent. The women, individual mentally have to prepare themselves as such to leave the relationship, and evaluate every aspect of their life and their future. Without sufficient support and resources leaving a dangerous and harmful situation is virtually impossible. To seek the support and resources a certain level of self worth and esteem is essential, providing the woman with an appreciation for her future.

Discuss empirically validated therapy in which specific therapies are effective for the certain mental disorder

Empirically-validated therapies be forms of discourse that are strongly backed by scientific entropy obtained from various observations, studies, or experimentation. The dead reckoning obtained is testable using experimentation or observations. An empirical result is obtained is an experimental observation (such as a clinical trial). Usually it has been seen that practitioners do not follow empirically-validated data and instead would go by their clinical experience.The clinical scientist on the some other hand would be concentrating hugely on empirically-validated therapies. In the field of psychiatry, empirically-validated therapies play a very major role. In the last few years, the concentration of mental care has shifted hugely from well-established therapies which are routinely apply to empirically-supported therapies. It has not just now proven to be powerful in the intercession of various mental disorders, but has also reduced the costs and has proved to be very usefu l in managed care settings.State, local and federal bodies that fund healthcare are now paying greater amount of importance to empirically-validated therapies. In future, the psychiatric practitioner would be concentrating to a very great extent on empirically-validated therapies. In case of medico-legal issues, a practitioner could be held liable for malpractice if he/she holds up an empirically-validated intercession and goes in for a standard treatment process that has been utilized since several years.Accreditations organizations could also be considering using the extent to which a hospital would be using empirically-validated treatment in the patients. The APA is also considering imposing stricter sanctions for not implementing empirically-validated treatment in mental healthcare (Guimon, 2007 & Levant, 2008). Use of Empirically-validated therapy in the treatment of Borderline Personality disorder Antidepressants and psychotherapyOne of the genuine examples of Empirically-su pported treatment has been in the case of patients suffering from borderline personality disorders (BPD). Such a patient would be touch on with several symptoms including impulsiveness, hostility, self-destructive port, anger outbursts, projective identification, sad social relationships, long-standing fears, intolerance, mood swings, suicidal behavior, presence of comorbid disorders, etc. Such an individual may give a history of child abuse, child neglect, presence of other psychological or neurological disorders, etc.The exact cause of the disorders is not known but several factors including biological factors, genetic factors, neurochemical factors, environmental factors, etc, would be playing a major role in the development of the disorder. Borderline personality disorder may be early response mechanisms to sexual and aggressive drives (Guimon, 2007). Traditionally, no specialised treatment has been available as a cure for BPD, but only management of the symptoms. Psychoth erapy along with short term administration of medications has been traditionally been utilized.The medications utilized can only treat the symptoms of anxiety, depressive disorder and aggressiveness and cannot be utilized to treat BPD per se. Non-clinical studies acquit demonstrated that SSRI antidepressants, narcoleptics and mood stabilizers can help only to a veritable extent in the treatment of BPD. Hospitalization may be infallible to treat patients with the risk of suicide or causing riskiness to others. nigh psychiatrists may feel that hospitalization of the patient is required only for medico-legal issues.However, empirically-performed data have shown that chronic suicidal thoughts may be an expression of printing and di tensity and can be effectively managed by means of ambulatory settings. Several antidepressants, whose effect on BPD was not known before, have proved to be good finished empirically-validated studies. Binks et al (2007) conducted a study to determi ne the efficacy of several agents utilized in the treatment of BPD. He comprise that among the antidepressants Fluoxetine was ideal in comparison to a placebo utilized in the treatment of depression.There were not much difference between MAOIs and placebos in the treatment of BPD, and between MAOIs and antipsychotics. Antipsychotics helped only to a certain extent to reduce some mental states (Binks, 2007, & Guimon, 2007). Perry et al (1999) had conducted a comprehensive study to determine the effectiveness of several psychotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of BPD. Some of them included Interpersonal therapy, CBT and supportive psychotherapy. All forms of psychotherapy seemed to be effective in the treatment of BPD, with about one-fourth of the patients recovering every year.This rate was septenary times higher than anticipated. During the early phases of treatment, psychodynamic therapy seemed to be effective, helping to build good alliances with the patient. Group therapy is at present creation effective in outpatient settings. In cognitive behavior therapy, greater emphasis is laid upon the application of ones skill and knowledge in more fruitful outcomes. Psychoanalytical approaches are increasing organism utilized to improve the strength of the ego and to experience reality more appropriately.DBT (through a Cochrane review conducted in 2007 CA Binks et al), had been compared with other forms of treatment. Not many differences were found between DBT and other forms of treatment, but in that respect was a reduction in parasuicidal behaviors and the general psychiatric severity. Hence today, Evidence-based drug or psychotherapeutic approaches seem to be efficient and safe in people suffering from BPD. More studies in the field of BPD need to be conducted to determine the presence of more effective and safer treatment modes (Binks, 2007, Perry, 1999 & Guimon, 2007).Use of Empirically-validated therapy in the treatment of Depression Psychotherapy (A comparison between the traditionally utilized drugs and empirically-validated psychotherapy) Another field in which a lot of evidenced-based studies are being conducted is in the field of depression. This is soon going to be considered the second most commonest of debility and distress across the globe. In the US, more than 50 billion dollars is being spent annually in the diagnosis and treatment of depression. The loss in terms of inability to function appropriately at the workplace is much higher.Many cases of depression go untreated in the US. In the past, antidepressants have been utilized as the standard in the treatment across the US. Physicians, hospitals and insurance agencies in the US stress on the use of antidepressants in the treatment of depression. However, research today has demonstrated that there are much more effective and safer alternative treatments for depression. Drugs may be useful, but cannot be considered as the only treatment for the condition. Empirica lly-validated therapies can be considered as conventional, supplemental as well as alternative forms of treatments in the management of depression.Empirically-validated treatments to be utilized in the treatment of depression may be costly in the short-run, but beneficial in the long-run as they have to relieve the symptoms and not change the character of the patient. As they would be utilized for short periods of time, the patient is encouraged to make modifications in the lifestyle. One of the important treatment modalities in the management of depression has been psychotherapy. Several modes under psychotherapy such as cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, behavioral therapy, etc, seem to be more effective in the treatment of depression compared to before.They have several advantages when compared to drugs. Antidepressants tend to relieve the go symptoms of depression before the mood, whereas psychotherapy tends to improve mood before the motor symptoms. Through psychothera py several issues such as difficulties at the workplace or home, problematic interpersonal relationships, social withdrawals, etc, can be more effectively managed compared to drugs which tend to reduce some of the physical and neurovegetative symptoms. Traumatic life events that are the root cause of depression can be more effectively managed through psychotherapy rather than medications.Psychotherapy is not only needed in the acute stages of depression, but also in the long-term, as a maintenance therapy. Cases of relapse and recurrences are found to be lower when psychotherapy has been administered. Studies have also demonstrated that combination therapy (short-term administration of medication along with long-term psychotherapy) has been very effective in the treatment of depression. Studies have shown that psychotherapy when administered alone or in combination with medication is more affective than when medication is being administered alone.Several depressive symptoms, absente eism and disability in surgical procedure are significantly relieved following psychotherapy. Psychotherapy would help to correct the root causes of depression such as stressful work atmospheres, traumatic interpersonal relationships, fears, etc. Today, empirically-validated forms of psychotherapy can be utilized to a greater extent if they are given a go-ahead by the insurance companies and employers. In the past, these forms of treatment have been considered to be ineffective and costly.Studies have even demonstrated that patients, who suffer from depression under low lights, could benefit from phototherapy. Only some patients in the experimental group have benefitted from this treatment. Current studies have demonstrated that transcranial magnetic stimulation could be utilized as an effective alternative to ECT. But today, through evidenced-based studies more and more benefits of psychotherapy are being understood (Vaisle, 2001, Moore, 2004 & Markowitz, 2008). Use of Empirically -validated therapy in the treatment of Obsessive unconditional Disorder Clomipramine and SSRIs antidepressantsObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder in which obsessions (persistent thought and ideas) and compulsions (strange and repetitive behavior) develop. Earlier it was thought that the disorder had a very poor outcome as there was a lack of studies conducted in this area. However, today a lot of experimentations have been conducted with psychotherapy and medications utilized to treat the disorder. About one-third to half the number of patients affected with the disorder are children.The outcome of OCD is especially poor if found in association with a personality disorder. However, compared to other psychiatric disorders, the response of OCD is low to two medications and psychotherapy. Several antidepressant substances seem to be effective in treating the symptoms of OCD. One of them is Clomipramine which has through a European study found to lower obsession s. In some other study, several symptoms such as anxiety, social isolation, depression, etc, were reduced when clomipramine was combined with psychotherapy.Lower doses of clomipramine were useful in treating the obsessions, but the ritualistic continued to be present. Several studies have shown that clomipramine as very useful in OCD. In another study, SSRIs were found to be very useful in treating OCD in children. However, these drugs need to be administered in higher doses. In adults, SSRIs seem to be not very effective in treating OCD. Overall very few drugs have been tested in the past for the treatment of OCD, and this has to change in the future (Herbert, 2001 & Goetz, 2007). Conclusion and Personal OpinionToday, practitioners should get more and more into following the empirically-validated forms of treatment in another disease, rather than the traditional manakin. In the past, doctors were only going by experience of what drug or therapy would be ideal to treat a particul ar condition. Standard forms of treatment may seem to be safe but outdated, and the patient would not be gaining the benefits of updated research work conducted in the medical field. However, today medicine is fast-paced and newer and more and more advanced forms of treatment is coming out, that also seems to be very much effective than the drugs compared to yesterday.If the practitioners use the traditional model in treating the patients, then the treatment is not going to be effective and safe. Hence, it would be ideal for the psychiatrist to use the evidenced-based findings in their practice. Through several clinical trials conducted on certain mental disorders including BPD, depression and OCD, it has been found that certain pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions have proved to be very effective. Further trials are required to help ensure that more effective and safer therapies are understood and made available to the patients.If the clinical scientists are unable t o find efficient use of a particular drug or psychotherapy method on the patient, it does not mean that it is ineffective for use, but rhater means further structured trials need to be conducted which would help to understand the drug better. Evidence-based and empirically-validated are new movements that have arisen in the medical and psychiatric world today. These movements have also considered ethical, legal, moral and social implications.

Origins of the Cold War Essay

A. Sources of the Statesn Soviet TensionHad difference in view of post war world. US back up the view in which nations gave up traditional military alliances, and dealt with each other in a elective process, with an international org. as mediator. Britain and Soviets favored view where system of traditional atomic number 63an balance of powers would reemerge.B. war time DiplomacyBy Jan 1943 a strain in relations with soviets was evident as Stalin refused to meet with Churchill and Roosevelt. The 2 refused Stalinsmost warm demand to have a 2 european fronts, but assured him that they would have unconditional surrender of Axis powers and they would not leave soviets out of slumber negotiations. In Teharan Conference relations between Stalin and Roosevelt became better as Stalin agreed to enter Pacific once hotstilities in Europe tired down, and US agreed to 2 front western war. However there was tension on who would lead Poland once war was over. They avoided the issue by leavin g it unresolved.C. YaltaIn Feb. 1945the big triad met in Soviet Union. Stalin was promised some territory lost in Jap Soviet war of 1904, in pacific. Also agreed to UN charter with a credentials council, with members from 5 major powers. Issue of Polish government was compromised. Soviets had occupied Poland and installed the pro communist Lubin Poles, but also agreed to let in some democratic London Poles into government.The future of Germany was also unresolved. They agreed that after war each troop would simpleness the part of the country they were in and reunification would occur at a later time. US call fored Germany to be reconstructed, and reunited, Stalin wanted heavy reparations. The Yalta conference sidestepped important issues, and made the three men feel like they sign(a) an important document. Weeks after signing Roosevlt watched as Stalin installed procommunist governments in several(prenominal) nations and refused to make the changes he promised to Roosevelt in Polish government. Roosevelt was adamant that Soviets were flexible, but would suffer stroke and die in April 1945.II. The Collapse of the PeaceA. The Failure of PotsdamA few days after taking office Truman, some(prenominal) less patient with Soviets chastised foreign look for violations of Yalta conference. However he had little leverage as soviets controlled central and eastern Europe and US was still in pacific war. Truman insisted on getting 85% of what he wanted but had to settle for much less. Truman conceded Poland and recognized the noncommunist forces in the Warsaw government. To settle issue of Germany Truman met with Stalin and Churchill in Postdam, he accepted the adjustments to the Polish German boarder and but refused Russians to claim reparations from parts of Germany controlled by US French or Britain. This stance made it clear that Germany would remain divided. The western zone intimate to US, the Eastern to Russia.B. The China ProblemFor US hopes of a peaceful w orld to come true, China had to be strong and unconditional, however the Chinese government low Chaing Kai Shek was feeble and incompetent. Chiang had isolated himself, unwilling to face the problem which were facing him. He was in prolonged rivalry with armies of Mao Zedong, which was in control of 1/4 the population. US would pump arms and money to the Chiang. Instead, US presently looked to Japan as an alternative pro western force in Asia. US upraised all restrictions, promoting indusrial development, and economic growth.C. Containment DoctrineBy 19445 the Grand Alliance was over, and US was now persisting on a new containment policy. Rather than creating an open world, they would work to contain the expansion of the Soviets. Truman issued his Truman Doctrine based on ideas of diplomat George f. Kennan. United States would help nations resisting sibjugation from outside sources or from armed minorities. He also asked for $400 zillion to help turkey and Greece, which would help them defeat communist insurgents, and established basis for US foreign policy for next 30 years.D. Marshal PlanAmerican policy maker wanted to do something to strengthen pro American governments in Europe before communists insurgents destroyed them. In June 1947 Sec of State George C. marshall proposed plan for economic care to all European nations even Soviets to join program of recovery. Soviets denied, but 16 other nations joined. Over three years, $12 billion would be given to help spark economic revival. European industry rose 64% and caused communist strength to decline and US trade opportunities to increase.E. mobilization at HomeFailed agreements with Soviets over international control of atomic weapons, made America redouble its atomic research. The Atomic Energy Commison was to oversee all nuclear research civilian, and military, and in 1950 Truman aoorived development of ne H bomb stronger than one used in 1945. The National Security Act created a new Departmen of demurral which would oversee all armed services. A National Security Council out of thw white house would govern forign and military policy. CIA would replace wartime office of strategic services. And need in covert methods of collecting onformation.F. The Road to NatoTruman reached an agreement with Britain and France to merge their Germany zones into a new western German Republic. Stalin responded by imposing a tight discontinue of western berlin, Truman would drop supplied of food and fuel for ten months allowing a city of 2 million to survive during this time. Stalin would lift the blockade in spring of 1949. Germany was now divided into 2 nations, Federal Republic in west and Democratic Republic in east. In April 1949 12 nations signed agreement declaring an attack on one was an attack on all. Soviet would do the same with other communist nations in Europe called the Warsaw Pact in 1955.G. Reevaluating Cold War PolicyA series of events at end of 1949 propelled cold war i n new direction as Soviets announced that they had tested their first atomic bomb, and the Chiang Kai-Shek nationalist government collapsed and was replaced by a communist extension of Soviets. Us would refuse to recoginize Chinese government and diverted attention to revitalizing Japan as a buffer against Asian communism. During this escalated atmosphere of crisis Truman called for a through review of forign policy. The National Securty Report was issued in 1950. The doc said US should not bank on other nations to resist communism, US must stop expansion of communism in the world. It also called for 4x increase in US military budget.III. America After The WarA. The Problems of ReconversionEconomic growth continued after 1945, saving from consumers during the war started a scag, as did a $6 billion tax cut. The GI bill of rights, or Servicemens Readjustment Act provided houseing, education and job training to vets and increased their spending. Serious inflation cause prices to ris e 15 % annually, heighten this was labor unrest as major strikes were occurring in most industries. In 1946 John Lewis led the United Coal Workers out on strike for 40 days.Truman demanded coal mine owners to agree to union demands, simulataneously the nations railroads shut down, however Truman threatened military intervention and the strike was over in a few days. Reconversion was difficult for women and minorities who entered during wartime. Now men where returning from war and wanted their old industrial jobs back, many women voluntarily gave them back but as much as 80% and all minority men wanted to keep jobs. Women would look to other areas of the economy, mainly the service sector.B. The sportsmanlike Deal RejectedThe Fair deal was a 21 point domestic program calling for expansion of social security benefits, legal minimum charter increase from 40 to 65 cents public works and other programs. In all he wanted to declare an end to wartime moratorium on liberal reform. Howev er the Republicans would regain control of house and senate and reduce government spending and many other reforms. The Taft Hawley Act would empower president to call a 10 day cooling gunpoint before a strike. Truman would veto it but congress overruled.C. The Elections of 1948Despites results of the 46 election Truman was not ready to give up on new deal. In 1948 he proposed major civil rights bill but congress would defeat them all. Tuman was trying to build campaign issues. Truman had issue of unpopularity and weakening support in the democratic party. souther democrats did not like the civil rights bills. Others did not like the way he dealt with Soviets. Republican had nominated Dewey, seemed to offer unbeatable alternative to Truman. Truman called republicans do nothing reliable for nothing. To dramatize this he called special session of congress, mostly republican, they met for 2 weeks in which nothing was accomplished. Truman would win by a very slim but fateful margin. D. The Fair Deal RevivedThe new congress was still hesitant to fair deal but did give some of what Truman wanted. They increased min wage to 75 cents and hour, extended social security to 10 million more people, and National Housing Act built 810,000 homes for low income housing. However his efforts for civil rights, the abolition of lynchings, poll tax, fair employment all failed. Truman did battle descrimination on his own, he ended descrimination in government jobs, and tried to dismantle it in armed forces. Allowed arbiter dept. to get involved in discrinitory statues.IV. The Korean WarA. The Divided PeninsulaAt the end of WWII US and soviets had troops in Korea, Russians in left a communist government with strong soviet troops, while us left an anti communist with a small military. The weakness of South Korea made north want to reunite the country. Truman reacted quickly to the invasion by sending limited American military assistance. Soviets protetested the UN Security Counci l for it refusal in acknowledging the Chinese government. This gave UN agreement to US for international assistance to South Korea. Truman would sed ground forces and General McArthur to command UN operations. Most UN troops were American. After driving communists out of south, Truman gave McArthur permission to go into North to make a uunified independent democratic Korea.B. From invasion to StalemateThe invasion went smoothly with the capture of Pyongyang in October. But Chinese government got weary as UN moved shutdown to Chinese boarder, they would enter war and push Americans back past 38th parallel and outlet chief city of Seoul. By Jan UN started moving back north and regained capital for 2nd time, then war went into stalemate. Truman did not want direct conflict with China which he thought would cause another world war. McArthur thought that it was a just that, a war with China, he thought heavy bombing on communists was necessary. McArthur would write letter to republica n leader which caused Truman to relive him of command. 69% of Americans supported McArthur and was welcomed enthusiastically. There was hostility towards Truman until other military leader publicly showed support for his decision. Stalemate continued in Korea, negotiations began in 1951 but war would drag on until 1953.C. Limited MobilizationTo fight inflation during wartime Truman set up the Office of Defense Mobilization. When its actions failed Truman took more drastic actions. When rail workers walked off the job he tell government to take control. In steel strike he did same but supreme court ruled he had exceeded his power. The war brought economic boom as government pumped money into the economy. But made many Americans insecure, and anxious or so communism. Did not know why boarder skirmish had gone(a) on so long unresolved and 140,000 dead wounded. Led to second campaign against communism.V. The Crusade Against SubversionA. HAUC and Alger HissRepublicans wanted something to attack Democrats with and and democrats wanted to take issue away from the,. The House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947, started publicized investigations of communist putrescence. They started arguing that communists had infiltrated Hollywood, and when may former communists film maker refused to talk about their politicial beliefs, they were sent to jail for contempt. Another public investigation was against high ranking senate member Alger Hiss, when reports from a former communist agent said that Hiss had passed assort documents to him. Hiss sued for slander but Chambers produced images of the document. Do to statute of limitation, occurred over 7 years ago, Hiss was not prosecuted but was sent to prison for several years. This public believe that communists infiltration was possible. Nixon cling toed Hiss and made him well known and helped him win seat in senate.B. The Federal Loyalty Program and the Rosenburg incaseTo protect against republican attacks, Truman i nitiated a widely publicized loyalty review program of many federal employees, causing 2,000 to resign and 212 to be dismissed. This caused other attacks on subversion. Direct of FBI investigated alleged radicals. When Russians successfully detonated atomic bomb there was talk that information had been passed from America. Young british scientists testified he gave information, the trial eventually led to a couble, Rosenburgs, members of communist party. They were sentenced to death and after 2 years of appeals killed in electric chair, they maintained their innocence. All these cases came to grip the nation of subversion. The public was fearful of infiltrated communists and cosmos incriminate of communism also. Out of this would come public figure of McCarthy.C. McCarthyismIn a speech Joseph McCarthy declared that he had a list of 205 communists in the US senate, his averment was so bold, it made him a prominent figure and leader of crusade against subversion. McCarthy then move d to other agencies and was made chairman of special subcommittee on subversion in the government. He never proved conclusive evidence that anyone he accused was really a communist. Republican rallied that democrats had been responsible for 200 years of treason. fewer spoke out against him, even Eisenhower who dislike him did not while running for presidency.D. Republican RevivalFrustration in Korea, and a bad year in Democratic party caused Truman to drop out of Presidency race. Gov. Adali Stevenson would be nominated instead. Republican nominated Eisenhower, and as his running mate chosen Nixon. Nixon would attack the democrats for being cowardly in their attack against communism. Eisenhower and Nixon would win overwhelmingly, and republican would regain control of both houses. The election ended 20 years of democratic domination, and ended lather turbulence of post war era.VI. ConclusionEven during world war II US and Soviets had different views of what world should be like onc e war was over. Right after the war this difference in opinion became evident. US thought Stalin was like Hitler in their quest for world domination, Stalin thought US wastrying to protect their world dominance by not allowing Russia to be a world power. The result was high tensions and the Cold War. US would help revitalize the broken Europe by gioving economic aid through Marshall plan and protecting them from communism. At home hysteria of the infiltration of communists into American government was fueled by reports and publicized court cases.

Douglasian Cultural Model in Indian Context Essay

IntroductionTodays world is being dominated by daily innovations in technology and increasing globalisation which inspection and repairs organizations to spread and to operate globally in a successful way. Every organisation operating at a global level is trying to purify their financial profits. The success of such organizations greatly depends on their oeuvreforce and their decision-making capabilities. Many times the honourableity of such decisions agree been questi wholenessd because of the profit driven strategies of these organizations.As Nobel Prize master economist Milton Friedman quotes, An executives responsibility generally will be to make as much money as possible while conform to their basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in honorable custom. The decision-making assist and hence ethicality of the decisions in such organisations is greatly influenced by the polish of the workforce. Bartels (1967) was one of the first to note the importance of the use of culture in ethical decision-making. There are incompatible studies which discuss the diversity of ethical decision-making found on different perspective for example, Vitell, Nwachukwu and Barnes, 1993 discuss the effect of culture on ethical decision-making with the help of Hofsteds typology while Patel and Schaefer, 2009 discuss the said(prenominal) with the help of Douglasian heathenish Theory (CT) perspective in the Indian context.SummaryPatel and Schaefers article discusses the impact of culture on ethical decision-making from a Douglasian heathen Theory (CT) perspective. It explains the alive(p) ethical conduct of the individual with four solidarities of CT. The Article also discusses the line of credit morals in the Indian context. Authors argue that applying motionless conception of culture to the do work of ethical decision-making in business results in several problems. The Authors propose CT as an alternative model to these unchangi ng conceptions to avoid these problems. The Article says that every kindly system is ethically plural because of the presence of all four solidarities together. An Individual from different solidarities may have a different perception of an issues moral intensity which may lead to different levels of moral awareness and hence to different moral judgements. The Article explores the dynamicity and diversity of ethical decision-making in business using the CT framework inside the Indian context with examples of Amul, SEWA, Tata Steel, ONGC and Reliance.StrengthsThis article offers an alternative approach of CT stating the impact of culture on ethical decision-making process in business. Authors argue that applying the static conception of culture to the business ethics results in different problems like field of study stereotyping, focus on only national cultural aspect ignoring the other aspects and broad generalisation of culture at national level. This article strongly supports th e scholars who challenge the essentialist culture approach like Hofstedian framework. Singh (1990) and Bosland (1985a) have shown that it is possible to have different scores on the four Hofstedian dimensions within the same country. Hence there is possibility of difference in ethical behaviour within the same country. The Authors also talk about(predicate) the same ethical dynamicity in behaviour.The article powerfully illustrates the diversity in business ethics within Indian context using CT model. The Article talks about the different cultural patterns existing in same corporation at same time. This article supports the argument by Sathe (1985) which says that although, the term corporate culture is used as if organisations have a monolithic culture, most companies have more than one set of beliefs influencing the behaviour of employees.The Article also supports the Thompsons (1997 a-c) theory who argues that same individual could be a member of different solidarities in differ ent contexts which explains the different ethical behaviour of an individual at a different social context. Also the article studies the ethical practices of different types of companies and business entities to netherstand the business ethics beyond large private corporations with respect to all the four solidarities of CT. The article debates about the dynamicity of ethical decision-making by citing the examples of all the solidarities existing in different Indian corporations. Also it talks over about the historical and philosophical background for the adoption of different ethical strategies by different corporations.WeaknessesThe article explains the process of ethical decision-making in business from a Douglasian Cultural Theory perspective only. The article does not identify many a(prenominal) other factors beyond culture that may banknote for differences in work behaviour across nations. Scholars like Parboteeah and Cullen (2003) have suggested the need to allow noncultur al factors to isolate the influence of culture on ethical behaviour. Also many scholars have talked about the other personal characteristics like education, age, gender and religion that affect the ethical decision-making but they have not put any get out on this part in the article. jibe to Kracher, Chatterjee and Lundquist, education plays an grand and positive role in ones ethical decision-making. Also Singhapakdi et al. JBE (1996) talk about the relationship between ethical sensitivity and age being significantly positive.Ameen, et al., (1996) suggests that ethical judgments vary according to gender, where females have historically been more ethical compared to males. According to Singhapakdi et al JBE (2000), there is a positive relationship between religion and perception of an ethical problem. The article has not mentioned all these perspectives while considering the process of ethical decision-making. Patel and Schaefer explained the ethical behaviour in Indian business c ontext with the help of CT and argue that as CT is not limited in its stove of application, what is true for one country should also be true for other countries. This contradicts the findings of the look intoers like Tsui which states The major contexts that may separate one nation from another include the physical, historical, political, economic, social, and cultural. This may cause an individual from another country to behave differently in the same context compare to individual in India.My standpointThe research article applies CT model to explain the ethical decision-making process in business within Indian context which allows us to look beyond static and limited conception of national culture. The authors have explained the ethical behaviours using examples of different Indian business entities. Since India is one of the largest growing economies, this research paper will be useful in providing the insights of the ethical practices in India. In my opinion, the authors have raised valid questions about the studies that link static conceptions of the culture to the business ethics. The authors have successfully associated dynamicity in ethical behaviours with the different cultural patterns as per CT which proves the existence of all the four solidarities in every social system. Paper also gives us insights about how all the solidarities co-exist and try to dominate each other. The Authors explain it in an Indian context citing examples for each solidarity.Moreover, authors have highlighted the important fact that managers operating under different cultural patterns may perceive and attend to information about moral issues differently which results in different ethical behaviours. The article considered the very important factors of history and politics that may have influenced while discussing dynamicity of ethical behaviours within Indian context. I am of the opinion that the Douglasian cultural theory is not equal to judge the ethical behaviour in b usiness. There are many other factors like education, age, gender and religion which hold a significant role in the decision-making process. The authors have failed to consider these factors. I believe the consideration of the above mentioned factors would have made this research work more reliable. Also I dissent with the authors argument of what is true for India should also be true for other countries since every country has a different political, economical, cultural and physical background.ConclusionTaran Patel and Anja Schaefer have criticized the static and limited conception of culture to ethical decision-making in business. They have provided the alternative approach of Douglasian cultural theory to explain the dynamicity and diversity in ethical behaviours with the help of examples from business entities in India. The Authors advocate that the managers should be sensitive to the beliefs of all the four solidarities to be more effective. The Authors also agree that more em pirical and theoretical work is needed to strengthen the relationship between the cultural patterns and business ethics.ReferencesBartels, R. 1967, A Model for Ethics in Marketing, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp. 20-26Vitell S, Nwachukwu S and Barnes J. 1993, The Effects of destination on Ethical Decision-Making An Application of Hofstedes Typology, Journal of job Ethics,Vol. 12, No. 10 (Oct., 1993), pp. 753-760Hofstede, G. 1980. (Revised in 1984). Cultures Consequences International Differences in Work-related Values. Sage Publications.Singh, J. 1990. Managing Culture and Work-related Values in India. Organization Studies, 11(1) 75-101Bosland, N. 1985a.An evaluation of Replication Studies using the Values Survey Module.Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation, Rijks-universiteit Limburg Working Paper 85-2, MaastrichtSathe, V. (1985), Culture and Related Corporate Realities, Irwin, Homewood, IL.Thompson, M. 1997a, Rewriting the Precepts of Polic yAnalysis, in M. Thompson and R. J. Ellis (eds.),Culture Matters Essays in Honour of Aaron Wildavsky(Westview Press, Boulder, CO).Thompson, M. 1997b, Cultural Theory and TechnologyAssessment, in F. Fischer and M. Hajer (eds.),Living with Nature Environmental Discourse and Cultural Politics (Oxford University Press, Oxford).Thompson, M. 1997c, Cultural Theory and IntegratedAssessment,EnvironmentalModelling and Assessment 2,139150.Kracher, B., A. Chatterjee and A. R. Lundquist 2002, Factors Related to the Cognitive Moral Development of Business Students and Business Professionals in India and the United States Nationality, Education, Sex and Gender, Journal of Business Ethics 35(4), 255268Parboteeah, K. P., & Cullen, J. B. 2003. Social institutions and work centrality Explorations beyond national culture. Organization Science, 14(2) 137-148.Patel, T. 2005, Using Dynamic Cultural Theories to explain the Viability of International Strategic Alliances A Focus on Indo-French Alliances. Ph D Thesis, Open University. Milton Keynes, UK.Singhapakdi, A., S. J. Vitell and K. L Kraft 1996, Moral Intensity and Ethical Decision-Making of Marketing Professionals, Journal of Business Research 36, 245255.Ameen, E., Guffey, D. and J. McMillan. 1996. Gender Differences in Determining the Ethical aesthesia of Future Accounting Professionals. Journal of Business Ethics 15 591-597.Singhapakdi, Anusorn, Janet K. Marta, Kumar C. Rallapalli, and C.P. Rao (2000), Toward an Understanding of Religiousness and Marketing Ethics An Empirical Study, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 4, 305-319.

General Anthropology: A Study of Humanity

factorral Anthropology Anthropology study of valet de chambreity gentles and cultures 4 Sub-Fields 1. Socio-Cultural focuses on living human cultures, global patterns of belief and behavior found in sensory systemrn and historical cultures, participant observation a. Influenced behaviors, customs, traditions, beliefs b. Non-biological of adaptation to the human surroundings, social and natural 2. Anthropological linguistics description and study of structure and history of language and relationship to culture, study of human speech and language 3. Archaeology study of material culture of departed human life and activities c.Cultural history/ chronology d. Life ways e. Processes 4. Study of humans as animals evolutionary theory and genetics, physical and biological Anthropology is holistic * Culture integrate system * Biological, ecological, Social * Bio-Cultural Approach feedback loop among culture and environment * NON-ETHNOCENTRIC (more than whizz(a) way to view the world) Humans are distinct Animals, Mammals, Primates, Problem solvers, two-footed locomotion (walk on 2 feet), Opposable thumbs, stereoscopic vision, large brain, re output (no estrus cycle), and culture Chapter 1 phraseHominins term for members of the evolutionary assembly including humans and dead bipedal relatives Bipedal walks on two feet / legs Primates members of the order of mammals Bio-cultural evolution evolution of human biology and culture, two further influences one another(prenominal), leads to understanding human evolution Ethnographies detailed descriptive studies of human societies Paleoanthropology study of disease and injury in human skeletal Anthropometry valuatement of human body split DNA double-stranded grain that contains genetic code Osteology study of skeletal materialPrimatology study of biology and behavior of nonhuman primates Continuum set of relationships in which all components make it along a single integrated spectrum (humans are a product of the same force that produced all life on earth) Empirical relying on look into or observation Cultural Relativism cultures have merits or worth inside their own historical and environmental contexts Important Names Alfred Wallace f. On the T blockency of Varieties to set forth Indefinitely from the Original Type (1858) g. The best adapted survived the less well adapted perished Charles Darwin a.On the Origin of Species. (1859) b. Concept of Natural Selection c. Evolution d. isHisTheory * All species materialisation ? food supply * Variation, some more favorable * Struggle for existence * Variations next genesis * Successful variations diff. results in next species Charles Lyell a. Uniformitarianism Cuvier a. Catastrophism Gregor Mendel a. Worked in the monasterys tend * Experimented with fertilization of blooms (new color variations) * Fascinated by the regularity with which the same hybrid forms always reappeared when fertilization took place between the same species. b. Mendels experiments * Determine the military issue of different forms of hybrids * Arrange them according to generations * Attempt to evaluate the statistical relationships c. Common Garden Pea * Seed shape, seed color, flower color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, stem height d. Law of Segregation * Discrete units of genetic information are passed from one generation to the next e. Different physical expressions because some distinctions were superior over others * Dominant Trait i. Visible or Measurable ii.Prevents the appearance of the recessive trait iii. Round is dominant * Recessive Trait iv. Not visual or measurable when duaded with the dominant allele v. Only visible or measurable when dominant allele is absent Gould and Eldredge a. Punctuated equilibrium the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered Lamarck a. Theory of Acquired Characteristics Linnaeus a. Adherent to great chain of cosmos b. Developed system of classification * Binomial nomencl ature Thomas Malthus a. Population crops unrestrained by natural causes will double every 25 old age. . BUT, capacity for food production increase only in a straight arithmetic progression. c. The notion to multiply is counteracted by THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE d. THE INFINITE FERTILITY OF MANKIND VERSUS THE LIMITED SIZE & RESOURCES OF THE EARTH. e. The Dilemma of Population Growth i. Preventative chairs (foresight) vs. positive check (infant mortality, famine) Chapter 2 Vocabulary Fixity of Species the notion that species, once created, can never change, opposes biological evolution Reproductively isolated groups or organisms, ainly because of genetic differences, are prevented from mating and reproducing event with members of other groups Reproductive success the number of manifestation an individual produces and rears to reproductive age and individuals genetic contribution to the next generation Selective pressures forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals Genome the entire genetic makeup of an individual or species Fertility the ability to conceive and produce healthy result Chapter 3 VocabularyGametes reproductive cubicles (eggs and sperm in animals) Somatic cell all cells in body except those involved in reproduction Zygote cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm cell, contains chromosomes Nucleotides basic units of DNA moleculeEnzymes vary proteins that initiate and direct chemical reactions in the body Hemoglobin protein molecule that occurs in red fund cells and binds to oxygen molecules Mitosis simple cell division produces two identical daughter cells Meiosis cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes Recombination the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes cross-over Genome entire genetic makeup of an individual or species Evolutionary Theory Catastrophism * Cuvier * New species could not evolve from old Time-to-time catastrophes occur, destroys al l living things in certain areas * New forms populate area by migration * Incoming migrants had more modern appearance collectible to the result of more recent creation events Uniformitarianism * Lyell * Processes at work today = active throughout history of earth = those occurred in past * James Hutton = ancient, on-going, continuous, without end * Geological change ( earthquakes, volcanoes, etc) were consistent, uniformed, constant through time Forces of EvolutionEvolution (Darwin) the gradual unfolding of new varieties of life from previous forms * Modern Synthesis ( 2 stage border) 1. The production and re distribution of variation (inherited differences among organisms) * Mutation (in sex cells) change in DNA, one allele changes to another, also point mutations * Mutagens are agents of mutations chemicals, radiation, extreme temperatures * Passes to offspring in gametes not bodily cells Migration (gene flow) exchange of genes between population, migration * Genetic drift (r andom force) function of population size * Rare allele may not be passed to offspring due to bittie population, allele may disappear * Founder Effect allele frequencies alter in small pop. that are taken from larger pop. or parents pop. , they colonize a new location 2. Natural selection (individual and population) affects their ability to successfully reproduce * 4 net reproductive success * Ex peppered moth Great Chain of cosmos * Infinite series of forms simple complex The universe was full * Progressive grading inferior superior * Every creatures position was dogged * No new species * No extinctions Species * Proposed in the 17th century * Groups of plants and animals could be differentiated by other groups by their ability to mate with one another and produce fertile offspring (John Ray) * Frequently share similarities with other species second level of classification genus * Linnaeus binomial nomenclature genus and species names are used to summons to species * Ex ho mo sapiens = human beings * Taxonomy system of classification Genus and species * Class and order Theory of Acquired Characteristics * Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) * There is a dynamic interaction between organic forms and the environment. * Characteristics that an individual might acquire in a lifetime would be passed on to succeeding generations. rationales of Inheritance Principle of Independent Assortment * The distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not influence the distribution of another pair * The genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another Principle of Segregation Genes (alleles) occur in pairs because chromosomes occur in pairs * During gamete formation, the members of each pair of alleles separate, so that each gamete contains one member of each pair Genes and Chromosomes Allele and Gene * Alternate forms of a gene * Sequence of DNA Chromosome * Discrete structures be of DNA and protein found only in nuclei of cells Co-dominance * The expression of two alleles in heterozygote, the products of both are present * Ex blood type AB Cross-over the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes recombination * when paired chromosomes exchange DNA, genes sometimes induce themselves in different genetic environments Dihybrid crosses * These are ALWAYS the ratios of a cross between two HETEROZYGOUS individuals, when two variables are involved. * RrYy X RrYy DNA, base pair * DNA molecule has 4 chemical bases 1. deoxyadenosine monophosphate = A 2. Thymine = T 3. Cytosine = C 4. Guanine = G * Except for protein synthesis * Adenine and Thymine are base pairs = AT * Cytosine and Guanine are base pairs = CG In protein synthesis RNA subs Uracil = U for Thymine * AT AU Dominant = shows, Recessive = does not show Downs syndrome * Trisomy 21, abnormal number of autosomes compatible with life beyond the first few years after birth * Caused by the presence of 3 copies of chromosome 21 * Mental impai rment, heart defects, respiratory infections, leukemia Hemophilia * bleeding disorder in which the blood doesnt change state normally * Primarily only males * Recessive allele for hemophilia on the female X chromosome. * Male hemophiliacs receive the deleterious gene from their mothers. There is an catch bechance that a female will have the recessive allele on one of her two X chromosomes. * H = Normal clotting h = Hemophilia * HH Female = Normal * Hh Female = Normal Carrier * HY Male = Normal * hY Male = Hemophilia Genotype = genetic make-up of a trait Phenotype = physical expression of the genotype Homologous Chromosomes = paired chromosomes, paired during meiosis and participate in cross-over, same loci Homozygous = same alleles Heterozygous = different alleles Pleiotropic Traits * treble effects at different times in the life span The phenomenon of one gene being responsible for or affecting more than one phenotypic characteristic * A synergetic affect on more than one part o f the body * Ex sickle cell, albinism Polygenic Traits * Traits that are influenced by genes at 2 or more loci * Ex skin color, eye color, hair color * Many are influenced by environmental factors * Ex nutrition, cheer exposure Polymorphism * Loci with more than one allele * Above 1% in the population * Traits that differ in expression between individuals and populations * Ex aboriginal blood, unbalanced Protein and Amino Acids 3-D molecules that serve a wide variety of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules * Small molecules that are the components of proteins Sex gene linkage * 23rd Chromosomal Pair * Females XX * Males XY * Homogametic versus Heterogametic * Sex linked traits * Ex colorblindness, hemophilia * Male hemophiliacs receive gene from their mothers Sickle Cell Trait/ genus Anemia Malaria * Hemoglobin (146 Amino Acids) * Sickle cell caused by switching one base pair (point mutation) * Heterozygous carriers are much more resistant to malarial infect ion * Malaria * People of all ages susceptible Four types of human malaria caused by four species of parasites (Plasmodium) * Transmitted by mosquitoes Blood and Blood Types * At least 29 human blood group systems * Antigen = large molecules found on the mount of cells , several different loci govern various antigens on red and white blood cells * Antibody each type is unique and defends the body against one specific type of antigen * Three important blood groups * ABO System * Four blood types * A (dominant) antigen * B (dominant) antigen * AB(co-dominance)antigen, universal recipient * O(recessive ii)none, universal donor Alleles are designated as follows * A = IA B = IB O= i * 4 phenotypes 6 genotypes * Rh broker * Another group of antigens found on red blood cells. * Rh Positive = Rh+ (Dominant allele) * Rh Negative = Rh- (Recessive allele) * Rh- blood does not agglutinate with the antiserum * superior problem is not with transfusions, but between mother and fetus. * A probl em ONLY if the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+ * A serum containing Anti-Rh+ may be administered to Rh- mothers after their first birth. (RhoGam) * MN Group * Three genotypes (Chromosome 4) * MM MN * NN * Appear to be no incompatibilities that cause complications during transfusions or between mother and fetus. * Co-dominant group * 3 genotypes produce 3 phenotypes Population Genetics Allopatric speciation * Speciation by geographical isolation * Gradual changes can lead to sufficient genetic differences Ecological Niche * The position of a species within its physical and biological environments * Components diet, terrain, type of predators, vegetation, relationships with other species, and activity patterns * Niches are unique to each species * Together makes up an ecosystemFitness = measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals, genetic contribution to the next generation Gene Flow = exchange of genes between populations Gene Pool = all of the genes shared by t he reproductive members of a population Hardy-Weinberg (Equilibrium Principle) * No genetic drift, mutation, migration, selection * Random mating * Math relationship of allele and genotype * A = p a = q p + q = 1 or 100% alleles in gene pool * In the absence of evolutionary processes, gene frequencies (allele frequencies) will remain constant from generation to generation * P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 proportion of genotypes AA + Aa + aa = 1 Macroevolution = changes produced only after many generations, such as the new appearance of a new species Microevolution = small changes occurring within species, such as changes in allele frequencies Phyletic Gradualism * Slow changes result in new species * The complete fossil record of an evolving group would display a series of forms with finely graded transitional differences between each ancestor and its descendant * Many missing links would be present Punctuated Equilibrium Uneven, nongradual process of long stasis and quick spurts * The concep t that evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change * There are no missing links, gaps are real Random Mating = no bias in who mates any male is assumed to have an equal chance of mating with any female Selective Pressure = forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals Selective Agent = the agent or cause of the selective pressure event?Sympatric = process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region Unit of Evolution * Population * Evolves Unit of Selection * Individual * Does not evolve Human Variation Race * breeds of domestic animals, their group measurement, or their descent from a super acid ancestor * Has no useful biological meaning because variations in human appearance occur on a continuum. acclimatization * Physiological responses to changes in the environment that occur during an individuals lifetime * Maybe be temporary or permanent Its capacity may represent an entire species or population * Under genetic influence, its subject to evolutionary factors such as natural selection and genetic drift Allens Rule * Concerns shape of the body * Colder climates = shorter appendages, adaptive for preventing heat loss * Vice versa Bergmanns Rule * Concerns the relationship of body mass or volume to surface area * In mammals, body size is greater in population that lives in colder climates * Vice versa Kuru * Neurodegenerative disorder * Tremor and loss of balance First appeared in New Guinea * Primarily affected adult women and children * Three main stages of progression * Ambulant unsteady, tremor, speech slur * Sedentary muscle jerks, laughter outbursts, falling off and mental slowing * Terminal Urinary and fecal incontinence, difficulty swallowing, deep ulcerations appear * Caused by cerebellar dysfunction * It is a prion disease = infectious particles composed of a protein that causes neurodegenerative disorders Kwashiorkor * Severe protein deficiency * Tissue swelling * Anemia * Loss of hair Apathy Lactase Persistence * The continued production of lactase, the enzyme that breaks down milk sugar ( sugar milk) * Allows some adults to digest fresh milk products Marasmus * Caused by the combine effects of protein and calorie deficiency * PEM (protein-energy malnutrition) Osteology Bone Markers * Heterogeneous * Dynamic Organ * perpetually remodeled and replaced * Extremely responsive to stress * Bone Mass IS NOT constant Characteristics of Bone * Compact bone * Most dense * Least vascularized * Often covers cancellated bone * Cancellous bone Heavily vascularized with large sacs (marrow spaces that produce red blood cells) and pores * Subchondrial bone * A type of compact bone located at the joints and covered with cartilage in life * Generally less dense and more vascularized than regular compact bone Bone Growth * The primary centers of growth are the DIAPHYSES Responsible for m ost of the growth of long bones * Secondary centers are the EPIPHYSES and are separated from the diaphyses by the * METAPHYSES, which are thin layers of cartilage being overtaken by bone formation. This is the actual site of bone growth.Harris Line = growth interruption, nutritional deficits Human Bone Growth * Human Dental Formula = 2. 1. 2. 3 * Determine sex * Determine age * Physical characteristics of populations * Population structure and demography * State of health, longevity, disease during life. * Cause of death. How is this different than Manner of Death? * recite of trauma. * Nutritional history (bone chemistry dental wear). * Relatedness of populations (DNA and genetic bone characteristics) * Social Complexity (cultural modifications, differential nutritional status, health, grave goods). Belief systems (treatment of dead). Chapter 4 Vocabulary Hybrids offspring of parents who differ from each other, heterozygotes Locus the position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs Mendelian traits characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus Chapter 5 Vocabulary Chordata phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates Vertebrates animals with segmented, bony spinal columns Homologies similarities between organisms based on descent from a super C ancestor Analogies .. based strictly on common function Homoplasy same evolutionary development in different groups of organisms Clade group of organisms sharing a common ancestor Speciation process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species most basic process in macroevolution Genus group of closely related species Chapter 12 Vocabulary Homeostasis- condition of balance or stability Population genetics the study of the frequency of alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes in populations from a micro evolutionary perspective

To what extent is Chapter 1 of Sense and Sensibility a fitting introduction for the novel to come?

In this novel, Austen is manipulateting step forward rules of exculpate for women in a time when England was moving from a period a long stability to sudden and total change. Unless people k smart how to behave, she thought, chaos would ensue. England was entering the Industrial Revolution, having just seen the French Revolution and the American War of Independence. A new literary style was sweeping the nation, one to which Austen was much opposed Romanticism. A dichotomy had arisen from the popularity of Romanticism within the literary groups of the time.It is possible to label these two groups as Sense and Sensibility. (The Gothic style also came about at this time, championed by those who had suddenly discovered freedom both literary and, in some cases, physical with the fall of oppressive governments contact England Austen also wrote anti-Gothic novels, like Northanger Abbey. ) Austen was definitely in support of Sense, which this novel shows so clearly. Austen argues her c ase for sense over aesthesia by polarising the main protagonists on the subject.Marianne represents sensibility in all its dramatic, baroque and over-the-top glory, whilst Elinor represents sense (not frigidness, emotionless logic, but a tactful reason about situations). Although Austen shows the lecturer the downsides of both poles, sensibility is gratingly and heavily punished and in the end sense wins out when Elinor gets to marry the man she wants and Marianne gives up sensibility and accepts an unconvincing happy ending with a socially respectable result. Austen, then, is writing not a novel, but a book of behaviour for women in this tumultuous time, much in keeping with little girls conduct books of the time.The first chapter so brilliantly allows for these developments later in the book by not mentioning them at all, or at least not until the closing carve ups in which the reader is introduced to Elinor and Marianne. This first chapter is primarily concerned in setting up Austens character in the book, that of satirical social commentator and moral guide. And this character is set up within the opening paragraph. Austens behaviour as author in this chapter almost contradicts Elinor later on.The way the aristocratic Dashwood family interact with each other on human terms is mocked and pulled a divide by Austens scathing irony these first paragraphs could almost be in defence of sensibility Relationships ar described in contractual terms no longer is your son family, he is clientele no longer do you love, you esteem. Family isnt about affection, its about affectation. Appearance and finance are all that matter on the Norland estate, respectability and wealth. People are spoken of in terms of utility and actions are taken for the sole purpose of acquiring wealth.Any affection shown with that is an added bonus, purely accidental and by no means essential to the relationship. There is one sentence at the end of the first paragraph in which are contained almost all of the social morays with which Austen holds qualm, and she makes her qualms clear with her irony and diction The constant management of Mr. And Mrs. Henry Dashwood to his wishes, which proceeded, not merely from interest, but from duty of softheartedness, gave him every degree of solid comfort his heart could receive. The constant attention, not constant affection, or even constant love, no, constant attention.They waited on him, served him as best they could to ensure a large chunk of inheritance, but not to worry, they did not do this merely from interest, but from goodness of heart. This sentence does not redeem their greed, but rather reinforces it, that merely adds dimensions to this sentence which implies that even if they were good of heart, they were still selfish and out for all the could get. Finally, the comfort they abide the old man is only solid, no more than materialistic. They do not enrich him spiritually or intellectually, only materially.Austen ha s now set out the rules for the following novel, without even bringing her protagonists to light. Austen is by far the most important character in the book, and her characterisation, therefore, is the most important. It is essential for the reader to know Austen before the reader knows Elinor or Marianne, or else the aim of this book to teach people how to behave would be lost. The fact that Austen seems to be pulling apart the social order whilst Elinor is in whole-hearted support for retaining the social order may seem perplexing, but I think a solution comes if one understands Austen as a person of moderation.She punishes Elinor also (though less harshly than Marianne) for being too restrained. In so many passages in the book there is an awful feeling of imprisonment on the part of Elinor as she is unable to do anything socially unacceptable. Therefore, there is contradiction between Austen and Elinor, but that is because Elinor is not Austen, she is not perfect or correct or a p aragon of what Austen believes correct behaviour for a woman. Sense is supported, but room for emotion must be allowed or one is not human, says Austen, but cold and dead.

Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Rendah vs Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Rendah Essay

As time goes by, Malaysias education strategy undergoes big changes. In 1983, Kurikulum Baru Sekolah Rendah (KBSR) was introduced and made some changes to the education system. 10 years later, its name was changed to Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Rendah (KBSR). Now, a tonicfound programme was introduced a year ago, 2011 to replace KBSR Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Rendah (KSSR). KSSR was introduced to reorganize and upgrade the current curriculum. Changes can be clearly seen in the eyeshot of key aras, curriculum documentation, curriculum design, curriculum organization, curriculum guinea pig, elements and focus.In the aspect of key areas, KBSR foc using upd on three key areas communication, man and his environment and self-development whereas KSSR focused on sextuplet key areas communication, spiritual, attitude and values, humanitarian, physical and aesthetical development, science and technology and lastly, physical and personal development. KBSR focused entirely on individua ls whereas KSSR focused not only on individuals but also their surroundings. KSSRs aim was to kick upstairs holistic individuals. KSSR focused on values for character building through the curriculum and co-curriculum.In curriculum documentation, KBSR follows the syllabus for teaching materials whereas KSSR formulated based on Standard Document which broods of Content Standards which covers on students skills, experience and thinking and Learning Standards which are a set of achievements which can be measured for each content standard. The curriculum design for KBSR is linear which only involves listening, speaking, interlingual rendition and writing whereas for KSSR is modular which involves not only listening, speaking, reading and writing but also covers language arts and grammar.In KBSR, level 1 has Core, Compulsory and extra subjects whereas in KSSR, level 1 has Basic Core Modules, thematic Core Modules and nonappointive Modules. In level 2, KBSR implemented Core, Compulso ry and additional subjects similar to level 1 whereas KSSR only implemented Core and Elective subjects. As it can clearly be seen, in level 1, a new subject is introduced Thematic Core Modules. This new subject was introduced to reduce the number of subjects taken in level 1. This module consist themes of the World of Art and World of Science and Technology. In the World of humanities, two subjects are introduced Visual Arts and Music. In the World of Science and Technology, basic ICT skills are taught.The curriculum content in KBSR only focuses on listening, reading, writing, speaking, sound system and grammar in context. KSSR focuses on the same content but replaced sound system with phonics. Phonics is a to a greater extent detailed version of sound system which teaches students the sounds of English specifically. Three new contents are also added basic literacy which teaches students the ability to read and write adequately, penmanship which teaches students the right way to ho ld and use a pen or a pencil and lastly, language arts which exposes students to poems and songs enabling students to appreciate and enthrall them thus, building creative minds in students.Lastly, the focus of KBSR is the 3M (membaca, menulis dan mengira) which is reading, writing and counting whereas KSSRs focus is the 4M (membaca, menulis, mengira dan menaakul). KSSR added a new focus which is thinking. This newly added focus helps students to understand more about what was taught and at the same time amend their thinking skills.To sum up, KSSR is a curriculum which is student centered. This new curriculum diminishes Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR) which means it is less-exam oriented and more to project and activity based. This new curriculum also focuses on ICT and independent learning. KSSR also aims to strengthen the insure of Bahasa Malaysia and English among students. Mathematics and Science subjects are all in Bahasa Malaysia and English periods have been increased .